Chapter 7: Thinking and Intelligence

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Functional fixedness

a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for

Creativity

ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities

Convergent thinking

ability to provide a correct or well-established answer or solution to a problem

Concepts

categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences -informed by our semantic memory and are present in every aspect of our life

Crystallized intelligence

characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it -when you learn, remember, and recall info

Event Schema

cognitive script -set of behaviors that can feel like a routine Ex. Getting into an elevator

Heuristic

general problem-solving framework, working backwards; breaking a task into steps

Heritability

genetic component to intelligence

Cognition

is thinking, and it encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory

Role schema

makes assumptions about how individuals in certain roles will behave

Algorithm

step by step problem-solving forula

Dysgraphia

struggle to write legibly

Cognitive psychology

the field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think

Confirmation bias

the tendency to focus on information that confirms your existing beliefs

Range of reaction

theory that each person responds to the environment in a unique way based on his or her genetic makeup

Divergent thinking

thinking "outside the box"

Mental set

where you persist in approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past but is clearly not working

Triarchic theory of intelligence

Analytical intelligence: academic problem solving and computation Creative intelligence: imaginative and innovative problem solving Practical intelligence: street smarts and common sense

Artificial concepts

a concept that is defined by a specific set of characteristics -various properties of geometric shapes

Problem-Solving strategy

plan of action used to find a solution

Prototype

best example or representation of a concept Ex. Civil disobedience: prototype would be Rosa Parks

Trial and error

continue trying different solutions until problem is solved

Natural concepts

created "naturally" through your experiences and can be developed from either direct or indirect experiences

Multiple Intelligences Theory

each person possesses at least 8 intelligences

Fluid intelligence

encompasses the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems

Dyslexia

exhibits an inability to correctly process letters

Schema

mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts

Anchoring bias

occurs when you focus on one piece of information when making a decision or solving a problem


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