Chapter 27

The individual who solidified Mughal rule was

Akbar

describes a change in policy from the rule of Akbar to the rule of Aurangzeb

Akbar abolished the jizya, and Aurangzeb later reinstated it

What is the best description of how religious differences were negotiated in Mughal India

Although Muslims held the most powerful government positions, they cooperated closely with Hindus in the daily administration of the state

The Mughal empire reached its greatest territorial size under the rule of

Aurangzeb

The founder of the Mughal empire, a soldier of fortune named Zahir al-Din Muhammad, was known as

Babur

The Ottomans established a second capital at Edirne (Adrianople) in order to facilitate the empire's expansion into the region of the

Balkan

In the Süleymaniye mosque, architect Sinan Pasha brought together the Islamic and _____ architectural traditions, combining minarets with domed buildings

Byzantine

In granting the ruler's mother and chief wife (or favorite concubine) special privileges and authority, Islamic empires followed the example set by

Chinggis Khan

Who were brought into the devshirme system

Christian boys who converted to Islam and became slaves of the sultan

Each of the Islamic empires contained a diversity of religious communities; in addition to Islam, the only religion present in all three empires was

Christianity

Among the sources of information likely consulted by the accomplished Ottoman mapmaker Piri Reis were the maps of Italian explorer

Christopher Colombus

What city became the Ottoman capital under Mehmed II

Constantinople

The Ottomans made special trading alliances with merchants from

England and France

By the 18th century, American producers supplied Muslim markets with coffee, although the crop was native to

Ethiopia

To celebrate a successful military campaign, Akbar built the impressive city of

Fatehpur Sikri

What 3 statements describe the Islamic empires' involvement in foreign trade

Foreign trade was controlled by European powers, Foreign merchants received favored treatment, Domestic production declined - forcing the empires to buy goods produced elsewhere

The Christian mission in India was centered on the Portuguese holding of the city of

Goa

How did Babur differ from leaders of the Ottomans and Safavids

He did not cite religion as a reason for his territorial expansion

In order to unite his Indian subjects, Akbar advocated for religious tolerance between

Hindus and Muslims

Under Shah Abbas, the Safavids forced the Portuguese to leave the city of

Hormuz

Defeated elsewhere, Babur succeeded in conquering part of ______ in the 1520s

India

In the early sixteenth century Babur invaded and conquered part of

India

During the reign of Aurangzeb, Mughal rule expanded across almost all of the ______ subcontinent

Indian

In India, Sikhism combined elements of both Hinduism and

Islam

The "divine faith" of Akbar brought together elements of many of India's cultural and religious communities, but its strongest influence came from

Islam

Through a system known as the devshirme, Christians were made to supply young boys who became slaves of the Ottoman sultan and had to convert from Christianity to

Islam

The syncretic faith of Sikhism blended elements of

Islam and Hinduism

What were common features of Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal societies

Islamic heritage, patronage of the arts, Turkish and Mongolian steppe traditions

The Safavids suffered a sound defeat at the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514 because of their reliance on the charismatic power of Shah

Ismail

The Ottomans rebuilt a dilapidated city into the showcase capital city of

Istanbul

Which country did not have a trading station in Mughal lands

Japan

The empire with the greatest sustained population growth between 1500 and 1800 was the

Mughal

In which empires did steppe practices lead to fierce family controversies over the throne

Mughal, Safavid

The Ottoman empire was named for

Osman Bey

The founder of the Ottoman Empire was

Osman Bey

The mandatory conversion to Shiite Islam in the Safavid empire sparked conflict with the _____ , who were committed Sunnis

Ottomans

Why did the growing popularity of coffeehouses in Islamic societies meet with some opposition

Patrons who spent time in coffeehouses could be neglecting their religious duties

The Indian city of Goa was dominated by which colonial power

Portugal

How did the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires primarily finance their government and military operations

Revenue from land went to the government in the form of taxes

The Taj Mahal was a monument built by

Shan Jahan

What was one way the Ottoman government expanded its territory into Europe

Soldiers settled on the empire's edges, pushing its borders outward

Shah Ismail descended from a family connected to Safi al-Din, a _____ mystic

Sufi

The Mughal, Ottoman, and Safavid empires all had a connection to the branch of Islam known as

Sufis

One lasting symbol of an Islamic emperor's devotion to his wife is the

Taj Mahal

What statement best describes why the millet system was impractical in Mughal India

There were too many religious communities for each to have its own laws

Why were the Safavids defeated at the Battle of Chaldiran

They believed that the charismatic power of Shah Ismail would protect them

True or false: Conservative Muslim clerics opposed the use of the printing press because they feared that books other than the Quran might introduce too many dangerous ideas and inconvenient questions about Islam

True

After switching religions multiple times, the Safavids settled on Twelver Shiism because it gained them the support of nomadic ______ tribes

Turkish

When Shah Ismail took power, he proclaimed ______, a sect of Islam that believed in the return of a "hidden" imam, the official religion of his realm

Twelver Shiism

What was the primary institution that acted as the driving force behind the Ottoman empire's early expansion

a professional standing army

The more moderate policies of Ismail's successors included

a strong bureaucracy

One characteristic of Akbar's rule was

a strong government under his personal oversight

Similar to imperial China and Tokugawa Japan, rulers of the Islamic empires placed less emphasis on adopting European innovations than on

achieving political and social stability

The Islamic empires used agricultural surpluses to finance

armies and bureaucracies

One similarity among the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires was that they all relied on a strong ______ to run the state

bureaucracy

By moving the Ottoman capital, Mehmed II was able to

conquer parts of eastern Europe

Religious tensions threatened dynastic rule when each of the three Islamic empires saw a strengthening of

conservative Islamic forces

Imperial control suffered serious setbacks primarily due to the loss of income that resulted from

decreasing territorial expansion

Non-Muslim subjects held the status of ______, which means "protected people."

dhimmi

Subjects of the Islamic empires who were not Muslim and enjoyed the status of protected people were called

dhimmi

The Islamic empires fell behind European powers in certain areas because the Islamic empires

did not actively advance their military technology

A significant challenge for emperors in the Islamic empires was keeping the peace among diverse religious and _____ communities.

ethnic

True or false: Crops introduced by the Columbian exchange sparked a significant population increase in the Islamic empires during early modern times

false

Shah Abbas the Great did not expand

free public education

The goal of Osman Bey and his followers was to fight for Islam by becoming religious warriors, or

ghazi

One of the most serious challenges to dynastic rule came when all three Islamic empires experienced

infighting among members of the royal family

By the early 1700s, how far did Mughal rule extend

into southern India

Under the millet system employed by the Ottomans, autonomous religious communities

kept their own civil laws

The name Süleyman Kanuni indicates that Süleyman the Magnificent was especially well known for creating

laws

The demographic effect of the Columbian exchange on the Islamic empires was ______ its impact on other parts of the world

less than

The Ottomans called Süleyman the Magnificent "Süleyman Kanuni," indicating his strong association with

making laws

In contrast to the Ottomans and Safavids, the Mughals were comparatively disinterested in ______ affairs

maritime

Although it was never built, Shah Jahan planned the construction of a black marble ______ for himself to complement the Taj Mahal

mausoleum

One area in which the Islamic empires depended on European powers for assistance was

military technology

Under Süleyman the Magnificent, the Ottoman empire became a significant

naval power

Whom did the Safavids win over through their adoption of Twelver Shiism

nomadic Turkish tribes

Which crops were introduced to the Islamic empires by the Columbian exchange

potatoes, tomatoes, and maize

What 3 things resulted from weak rule in the Ottoman empire

provincial rebellions, military mutinies, political corruption

Shah Ismail consolidated his power by cultivating a fanatically loyal band of followers called the

qizilbash

During the reign of Süleyman the Magnificent, the empire

reached its highest level of expansion

Compared with Ottoman and Mughal royal residences, the Safavid palaces in Isfahan were

relatively small

One of the goods that European merchants sought to buy in Muslim lands was Safavid

silk

What are the reasons the palaces in Isfahan were designed to feature balconies and open verandas

so that the shah could easily observe events, to emphasize visibility and accessibility

After 1595, to minimize the likelihood of being killed by their sons, Ottoman sultans had them confined to

special quarters within the imperial harem

The steppe practice of granting state components to imperial relatives to manage often resulted in battles over

succession

Revenue from what source formed the foundation of the economies of the Islamic empires

surplus agricultural production

How did Aurangzeb discourage religious diversity

taxing Hindus to encourage them to convert to Islam

When Ottoman courtiers groused about the "rule of women," what were they complaining about

that royal women were often consulted by the ruler on political matters

Under Shah Abbas, the Safavids added which region to their empire

the Caucasus

The Safavid requirement that its subjects convert to Shiite Islam caused which powerful group to strike against it

the Ottomans

In Akbar's conception of the "divine faith," all groups paid homage to

the emperor

Who theoretically owned all the land in imperial Islamic societies

the emperor

What was accomplished under Mehmed the Conqueror

the establishment of an absolute monarchy

One example of the Muslim resistance to European culture and technology was the Islamic empires' early resistance to

the printing press

Osman Bey and his followers sought above all to accomplish what?

to rid society of polytheism

The Columbian exchange influenced regional cuisine in the Islamic empires, and it also stimulated consumption of

tobacco and coffee

Shah Abbas the Great sought to increase Safavid

trade with other regions

True or false: Eventually, coffeehouses became an accepted and important social institution in the Islamic empires

true