CHapter 27 History

James Farmer

Founder of CORE

Orval Faubus

Governor of Arkansas who tried to block the Little Rock 9 from attending the new segregated high school

Ross Barnett

Mississippi governor who wanted to stop integration of the University of Mississippi

Black power

Movement in the 1960's that urged African Americans to use their collective political and economic power to gain equality

Thurgood Marshall

NAACP attorney who headed the legal team to challenge the legality of segregation, became a Supreme Court Justice

Johnson supports civil rights

On March 15, 1964, President Johnson call for a strong voting rights law on national television.

6) What happened on November 22, 1963

On November 22, 1963, President Kennedy was assassinated.

3) What actions did President Kennedy take to protect the freedom riders

The actions President Kennedy took to protect the freedom riders by working out a deal with Mississippi leaders to protect the riders. The Federal Transportation Commision issued an order mandating the desegregation of interstate transportation.

riots in Mississippi Kennedy's response

The actions President Kennedy took to protect the freedom riders by working out a deal with Mississippi leaders to protect the riders. The Federal Transportation Commision issued an order mandating the desegregation of interstate transportation.

Montgomery bus boycott

The black community refused to ride buses as a way to express their opposition to Parks arrest and segregation from 1955-1956

Medgar Evers

civil rights activist who helped to desegregate the University of Mississippi, he was assassinated on June 12, 1963

Stokely Carmichael

coined term "black power"

James Earl Ray

convicted of assassinating Martin Luther in 1968.

T. Eugene corners vs civil rights

enforced legal racial segregation and denied civil rights to black citizens

March on Washington

famous for MLK, Jr "I Have a Dream" speech, 200,000 people rallied for economic equality and civil rights

Filibuster

giving long speeches in order to delay action on legislation

SNCC

grassroots civil rights organization, established by Ella Baker (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)

M. Schwerner, J. Chaney & A Goodman

three Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) workers killed in Philadelphia, Mississippi.

Fair housing act

what act passed in 1968 that prohibited discrimination in renting or selling houses

Twenty fourth Amendment

- banned the poll tax as a voting requirement

Sit in

- protest where participants sit and refuse to move

Freedom Summer

1964 - effort to register African American voters in Mississippi

Nation of Islam

African American religious organization that advocated for separation of the races

Rosa Parks

African American woman arrested for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white person, catalyst for a bus boycott

1) How did African Americans challenge segregation after WWII

African Americans challenged segregation by forming peaceful protests, holding boycotts, and using the courts for a legal guarantee of basic rights.

James Meredith

Air Force veteran who enrolled at the all-white University of Mississippi in 1962

George Wallace

Alabama governor who was pro segregation

malcom x vs mlk jr leadersgip

Any means necessary vs non violence

5) Why was the Brown v. Board of Education decision so important

Brown v. Board of Education decision was so important because it ended segregated public education by stating it violated the Fourteenth Amendment and "Separate but equal" was not the way.

Earl Warren

Chief Justice on the Supreme Court from 1953 to 1969, presided over the Brown V. Board of Education case

CORE

Congress of Racial Equality: Organized protests and end segregation

Twenty-fourth Amendment

Constitutional amendment that banned the poll tax as a voting requirement

Hernandez v Texas

Court ended the exclusion of Mexican American form trial juries

McLaurin v OK State Regents

Court ruled the Oklahoma had violated McLaurin's rights by denying him access to buildings on the University even though he was a student

4) How did James Meredith and Martin Luther King, Jr. , prompt President Kennedy to promote civil rights

James Meredith and Martin Luther King, Jr. , prompted President Kennedy to promote civil rights because when Meredith was stopped from attending the desegregated Univ of Mississippi, a riot occurred and two men were killed. President Kennedy had to assign federal marshals to protect Meredith and publicly stated that "Americans are free to disagree with the law but not to disobey it."

6) Why did President Eisenhower send federal troops to Little Rock

President Eisenhower sent the federal troops to Little Rock because the governor of Little Rock tried to use force to prevent the Little rock 9 for entering Central High.

7) What role did Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King, Jr. play in the Montgomery bus boycott

Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King, Jr. played important roles in the Montgomery bus boycott; Rosa stood her ground by not giving up her spot on the bus and her arrest was the spark that began the movement. MLK as President of MIA arranged the boycott and this help him become a well known civil rights leader.

4) How did segregation affect the lives of African Americans

Segregation affected the lives of most African Americans by keeping them in a lower status by denying them equal access to public facilities and ensuring that blacks lived apart from whites.

De facto segregation

Segregation by unwritten custom or tradition

De jure segregation

Segregation that is imposed by a law

Edmund Pettus Bridge

Selma, Alabama site of a march organized by Dr. King to pressure Congress to pass voting rights laws

Jackie Robinson

Signed to the Brooklyn Dodgers; became first African American to play Major League Baseball

2) What efforts were made in the 1940's to try to bring an end to racial injustice

Some of the efforts that were made in the 1940's were: - 1941- banning discrimination in the defense industry - 1948 - desegregation of the military - James Farmer - Founder of CORE, Congress of Racial Equality to protest and end segregation - NAACP decided challenging school segregation in the federal court (Brown vs Board of Ed.) - Support of President Eisenhower to enforce the Brown decision. - Montgomery bus boycott

Brown v Board of Ed, Topeka KS

Supreme Court ruled that "separate but equal" principle was unconstitutional

Sweatt v Painter

Supreme Court ruled that Texas had violated 14th amendment by having separate but unequal all black schools

Plessy v Ferguson

Supreme Court ruled that this type of segregation was legal as long as the facilities for blacks and whites were "separate" but equal

Boynton v. Virginia 1960

Supreme court rules the segregation on interstate buses and in waiting rooms is illegal

7) How did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 try to end discrimination

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 tried to end discrimination by: - Banning segregation in public accommodations - Giving government the power to desegregate schools - Outlawing discrimination in employment - Establishing the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

How did the civil rights movement gain ground in the 1960's

The civil rights movement gain ground in the 1960's through victories in the courts and the success of sit-ins and other nonviolent protests all of the broadcasted on TV. African Americans slowly began to win their battle for civil rights. In 1964 the Civil Rights Act outlawed discrimination based on race, religion, or national origin.

5) What is considered the highlight of the March on Washington

The highlight of the March on Washington is considered to be the "I Have a Dream" speech by Martin Luther King.

Voting Rights Act

banned literacy tests and allowed the federal government to oversee voter registration

After Martin Luther king Jr's assassination reactions

Watts Riot, Black panther and a more radical approach

3) What measures did the Committee on Civil Rights recommend to ensure equal opportunities for all Americans

Were these initiatives enacted? Explain. Some of the measures were an anti lynching law and a federal protection of voting rights. Truman was unable to gain support and the measures did not pass.

2) How did young people energize the civil rights movement in the 1960's

Young people energize the civil rights movement in the 1960's by forming the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, The group promoted and used non-violent means to protest racial discrimination; responsible for creating the sit-in movement.

Kerner Commission

appointed by President Johnson to determine the causes of the race riots in American cities in the 60s

Civil Rights Act 1957

law that established a federal Civil Rights Commission

Jim Crow Laws

laws that kept blacks and whites segregated

Black Panthers

militant organization of African Americans founded in 1966

Fannie Lou Hamer

one of the leaders of the (MFDA) Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, also spoke at Convention

Freedom ride

organized to protest segregation on the interstate transportation system.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination in public places and employment based on race, religion, or national origin (passed by LB Johnson)

In 1964, many African Americans were still denide the right to vote how

poll taxes, literacy test and intimidation to keep blacks from voting

Martin Luther King, Jr.

preacher and civil rights leader who promoted nonviolent protest against segregation

Malcolm X

radical leader, converted to Islam while in prison

James Lawson

sit in protester who gave a speech "from a lunch counter stool."

Bloody Sunday

the "nickname" for the march in Selma after nonviolent marchers were met with a violence