CHapter 27 History
James Farmer
Founder of CORE
Orval Faubus
Governor of Arkansas who tried to block the Little Rock 9 from attending the new segregated high school
Ross Barnett
Mississippi governor who wanted to stop integration of the University of Mississippi
Black power
Movement in the 1960's that urged African Americans to use their collective political and economic power to gain equality
Thurgood Marshall
NAACP attorney who headed the legal team to challenge the legality of segregation, became a Supreme Court Justice
Johnson supports civil rights
On March 15, 1964, President Johnson call for a strong voting rights law on national television.
6) What happened on November 22, 1963
On November 22, 1963, President Kennedy was assassinated.
3) What actions did President Kennedy take to protect the freedom riders
The actions President Kennedy took to protect the freedom riders by working out a deal with Mississippi leaders to protect the riders. The Federal Transportation Commision issued an order mandating the desegregation of interstate transportation.
riots in Mississippi Kennedy's response
The actions President Kennedy took to protect the freedom riders by working out a deal with Mississippi leaders to protect the riders. The Federal Transportation Commision issued an order mandating the desegregation of interstate transportation.
Montgomery bus boycott
The black community refused to ride buses as a way to express their opposition to Parks arrest and segregation from 1955-1956
Medgar Evers
civil rights activist who helped to desegregate the University of Mississippi, he was assassinated on June 12, 1963
Stokely Carmichael
coined term "black power"
James Earl Ray
convicted of assassinating Martin Luther in 1968.
T. Eugene corners vs civil rights
enforced legal racial segregation and denied civil rights to black citizens
March on Washington
famous for MLK, Jr "I Have a Dream" speech, 200,000 people rallied for economic equality and civil rights
Filibuster
giving long speeches in order to delay action on legislation
SNCC
grassroots civil rights organization, established by Ella Baker (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)
M. Schwerner, J. Chaney & A Goodman
three Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) workers killed in Philadelphia, Mississippi.
Fair housing act
what act passed in 1968 that prohibited discrimination in renting or selling houses
Twenty fourth Amendment
- banned the poll tax as a voting requirement
Sit in
- protest where participants sit and refuse to move
Freedom Summer
1964 - effort to register African American voters in Mississippi
Nation of Islam
African American religious organization that advocated for separation of the races
Rosa Parks
African American woman arrested for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white person, catalyst for a bus boycott
1) How did African Americans challenge segregation after WWII
African Americans challenged segregation by forming peaceful protests, holding boycotts, and using the courts for a legal guarantee of basic rights.
James Meredith
Air Force veteran who enrolled at the all-white University of Mississippi in 1962
George Wallace
Alabama governor who was pro segregation
malcom x vs mlk jr leadersgip
Any means necessary vs non violence
5) Why was the Brown v. Board of Education decision so important
Brown v. Board of Education decision was so important because it ended segregated public education by stating it violated the Fourteenth Amendment and "Separate but equal" was not the way.
Earl Warren
Chief Justice on the Supreme Court from 1953 to 1969, presided over the Brown V. Board of Education case
CORE
Congress of Racial Equality: Organized protests and end segregation
Twenty-fourth Amendment
Constitutional amendment that banned the poll tax as a voting requirement
Hernandez v Texas
Court ended the exclusion of Mexican American form trial juries
McLaurin v OK State Regents
Court ruled the Oklahoma had violated McLaurin's rights by denying him access to buildings on the University even though he was a student
4) How did James Meredith and Martin Luther King, Jr. , prompt President Kennedy to promote civil rights
James Meredith and Martin Luther King, Jr. , prompted President Kennedy to promote civil rights because when Meredith was stopped from attending the desegregated Univ of Mississippi, a riot occurred and two men were killed. President Kennedy had to assign federal marshals to protect Meredith and publicly stated that "Americans are free to disagree with the law but not to disobey it."
6) Why did President Eisenhower send federal troops to Little Rock
President Eisenhower sent the federal troops to Little Rock because the governor of Little Rock tried to use force to prevent the Little rock 9 for entering Central High.
7) What role did Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King, Jr. play in the Montgomery bus boycott
Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King, Jr. played important roles in the Montgomery bus boycott; Rosa stood her ground by not giving up her spot on the bus and her arrest was the spark that began the movement. MLK as President of MIA arranged the boycott and this help him become a well known civil rights leader.
4) How did segregation affect the lives of African Americans
Segregation affected the lives of most African Americans by keeping them in a lower status by denying them equal access to public facilities and ensuring that blacks lived apart from whites.
De facto segregation
Segregation by unwritten custom or tradition
De jure segregation
Segregation that is imposed by a law
Edmund Pettus Bridge
Selma, Alabama site of a march organized by Dr. King to pressure Congress to pass voting rights laws
Jackie Robinson
Signed to the Brooklyn Dodgers; became first African American to play Major League Baseball
2) What efforts were made in the 1940's to try to bring an end to racial injustice
Some of the efforts that were made in the 1940's were: - 1941- banning discrimination in the defense industry - 1948 - desegregation of the military - James Farmer - Founder of CORE, Congress of Racial Equality to protest and end segregation - NAACP decided challenging school segregation in the federal court (Brown vs Board of Ed.) - Support of President Eisenhower to enforce the Brown decision. - Montgomery bus boycott
Brown v Board of Ed, Topeka KS
Supreme Court ruled that "separate but equal" principle was unconstitutional
Sweatt v Painter
Supreme Court ruled that Texas had violated 14th amendment by having separate but unequal all black schools
Plessy v Ferguson
Supreme Court ruled that this type of segregation was legal as long as the facilities for blacks and whites were "separate" but equal
Boynton v. Virginia 1960
Supreme court rules the segregation on interstate buses and in waiting rooms is illegal
7) How did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 try to end discrimination
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 tried to end discrimination by: - Banning segregation in public accommodations - Giving government the power to desegregate schools - Outlawing discrimination in employment - Establishing the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
How did the civil rights movement gain ground in the 1960's
The civil rights movement gain ground in the 1960's through victories in the courts and the success of sit-ins and other nonviolent protests all of the broadcasted on TV. African Americans slowly began to win their battle for civil rights. In 1964 the Civil Rights Act outlawed discrimination based on race, religion, or national origin.
5) What is considered the highlight of the March on Washington
The highlight of the March on Washington is considered to be the "I Have a Dream" speech by Martin Luther King.
Voting Rights Act
banned literacy tests and allowed the federal government to oversee voter registration
After Martin Luther king Jr's assassination reactions
Watts Riot, Black panther and a more radical approach
3) What measures did the Committee on Civil Rights recommend to ensure equal opportunities for all Americans
Were these initiatives enacted? Explain. Some of the measures were an anti lynching law and a federal protection of voting rights. Truman was unable to gain support and the measures did not pass.
2) How did young people energize the civil rights movement in the 1960's
Young people energize the civil rights movement in the 1960's by forming the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, The group promoted and used non-violent means to protest racial discrimination; responsible for creating the sit-in movement.
Kerner Commission
appointed by President Johnson to determine the causes of the race riots in American cities in the 60s
Civil Rights Act 1957
law that established a federal Civil Rights Commission
Jim Crow Laws
laws that kept blacks and whites segregated
Black Panthers
militant organization of African Americans founded in 1966
Fannie Lou Hamer
one of the leaders of the (MFDA) Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, also spoke at Convention
Freedom ride
organized to protest segregation on the interstate transportation system.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
outlawed discrimination in public places and employment based on race, religion, or national origin (passed by LB Johnson)
In 1964, many African Americans were still denide the right to vote how
poll taxes, literacy test and intimidation to keep blacks from voting
Martin Luther King, Jr.
preacher and civil rights leader who promoted nonviolent protest against segregation
Malcolm X
radical leader, converted to Islam while in prison
James Lawson
sit in protester who gave a speech "from a lunch counter stool."
Bloody Sunday
the "nickname" for the march in Selma after nonviolent marchers were met with a violence