Chapter 28

The German torpedoing and sinking of the British liner Lusitania in ______ cost the lives of more than 100 Americans and brought the United States to the brink of joining the war in Europe.

1915

Hitler implemented his planned "Final Solution" of European Jews beginning in January ________.

1942

The Communist Party of China turned to its most colossal mass mobilization project yet, the Great Leap Forward, which began in ________.

1958

The massive "Tet" Offensive by Vietcong forces in February ________ may have contributed to President Johnson's decision not to seek another term.

1968

Apartheid laws, like the one that required South African blacks to ride in separate busses from whites, were all repealed by ________.

1991

South American countries suffered during the Great Depression due to a _______ decline in commodity exports.

50 percent

An estimated ________ Palestinians were driven out of their villages and homes after the first Arab-Israeli War ended in 1949.

750,000

Lenin's New Economic Policy (NEP) for the Soviet Union was:

A mixture of private and state investment in factories and small-scale food marketing by peasants.

Mao's land reforms between 1950 and 1955 took as many as 2 million lives and resulted in:

A rise in agricultural productivity

Officially, the Soviet Union ended on Christmas Day, 1991, after:

A tense showdown between a crowd of Muscovites and the troops sent to occupy the Russian parliament.

A war of independence was declared by the _______ Front of National Liberation in 1954—and independence was finally achieved in 1962.

Algerian

In 1971 the country of _______________ split away from Pakistan.

Bangladesh

Kwame Nkrumah appeared to be a sound choice for leading a constitutional, independent regime in _________ in 1957.

Ghana

The Mukden Incident of 1931 was engineered by the Japanese military to provide a pretext for the annexation of _________.

Manchuria

Estimates of those slaughtered in the brutal "Rape of _______" of 1937-1938 range between 200,000 and 300,000 people

Nanjing

In the 1980s, the American administration began a covert operation to destabilize Daniel Ortega's _________ in Nicaragua through the funding and arming of opposition groups.

Sandinistas

The US Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) that:

Segregation in education was inherently unequal.

After coming to power in the fall of 1953, Nikita Khrushchev, removed many ______ from the Communist Bloc.

Stalinists

Over Soviet protests, the United States began to develop its Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), nicknamed "______" after the popular movie of the same name.

Star Wars

The Soviet Politburo reacted to the uprising in East Germany in 1953 by:

Suppressing the revolt quickly and comprehensively.

Which of the following was not one of Woodrow Wilson's war aims?

The guilt of the Central Powers

Irena Sendler smuggled some 2500 Jewish children out of __________ before being arrested and tortured in 1943.

Warsaw

Once Saad Zaghlul and his Wafd party assumed control of Egypt in 1924, they:

Were uninterested in industrial development, leaving Egypt entirely dependent on agricultural production and exports.

The Eisenhower administration in the US ended the Korean War in 1953 with:

An armistice only, and no official peace treaty.

The systematic massacre of _______ was the largest-scale atrocity of World War I.

Armenians

Adherents to Benito Mussolini's "Fascist" movement, dressed in ______ shirts and organized in paramilitary units, roamed the streets, and violently broke up meetings of communists.

Black

What 1954 Supreme Court decision reversed an earlier decision that segregation in education was constitutional?

Brown v. Board of Education

The Congolese army chief Mobutu Sese Seko seized power from Patrice Lumumba, even though it was general knowledge that he was in the pay of the Belgians and the _______.

CIA

The world's first female prime minister took power in ________ in 1960.

Ceylon

Salvador Allende, the president of _____, was deposed and murdered in a CIA-directed coup in 1973.

Chile

_____ detonated its first nuclear device in October 1964.

China

Japan portrayed its imperial bid in the Pacific in the 1930s as the construction of a "Greater East Asia __________ Sphere."

Co-Prosperity

Mussolini's Fascists claimed that they were inaugurating a "_______ state", which theoretically saw all sectors of society contributing in a systematic, orderly, and hierarchical fashion to the health of the whole.

Corporate

From 1966 until 1969, the _________ Revolution in China took as its talisman the "little red book" of Chairman Mao.

Cultural

As a result of the __________ in the United States, millions of veterans benefited from housing and educational opportunities.

GI Bill

Among the exiles who returned with Lenin in 1917 were Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin, the hardnosed son of an impoverished ___________ cobbler.

Georgian

The nuclear accident at Chernobyl was an important test of Gorbachev's policy of

Glasnost

Shortly into her tenure as Ceylon's prime minister, Sirimavo Bandaranaike faced resistance to:

Her Sinhalese-only language policy, from the Tamil minority.

In its indictment of traditional societal and cultural norms, Allen Ginsberg's __________ and Other Poems (1956) represents the earliest expression of the "Beat" ethic.

Howl

As shown in the map, Latin America became more urbanized after World War II. Many of the people who migrated to urban centers participated in the _________.

Informal sector

The League of Nations rebuked ________ for its attack on Ethiopia in 1935-1936.

Italy

In the elections of 1946 in Argentina, __________ gained a mandate as president at the head of a fractious coalition of nationalists, socialists, and communists.

Juan Perón

Ending in February 1943, the Battle of Stalingrad:

Marked the turning point in the European war, with a Soviet victory.

The United States supported a coup against _______ in November 1963 that put a military government in place in Vietnam.

Ngo Dinh Diem

Under the premiership of General Tojo Hideki, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor (Hawaii), _______, and Dutch and British territories on December 7-8, 1941.

The Philippines

During the rapid process of Hitler's consolidation of power in Germany, which of the following events took place first?

The fire in the Reichstag.

Under Kemal Atatürk, the Turkish parliament introduced all of the following measures to Turkey except:

The removal of Anatolian farmers into urban factories and schools.

Early pioneers of Zionism, like ________, advocated the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Theodor Herzl

In World War I, both sides were forced into _______________warfare in northeastern France and Belgium.

Trench

Why was the Treaty of Versailles rejected by the United States Senate?

Because it required collective military action in case of aggression.

At the beginning of the war in 1914, which countries on the map were part of the Allied Powers?

Britain - France - Russia

As Iraq was divided by majority Shiites and minority Sunnis, the ___________ inaugurated a policy of divide and rule in their Middle Eastern mandates, while dangling the prospect of eventual independence in front of them.

British

Which of the following was a goal of the women's liberation movement of the 1960s?

Equal pay for equal work

The creation of NATO was most directly triggered by:

The Soviets' detonation of a nuclear device in 1949, four years earlier than anticipated

Among the innovative measures enacted by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the "New Deal" were:

The establishment of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), charged with enforcing regulations and preventing a repetition of the Stock Market Collapse of 1929.

Which country was incorporated into Nazi Germany in 1938?

Austria

The Marshall Plan allocated funds to all of the following countries except:

Czechoslovakia

Between 1945 and 1962, populist leaders in Latin America sought support

From the people.

Mao Zedong was an inspiring rural organizer, and he set about developing his ideas of revolution with the heretical idea of:

Inviting peasants into the vanguard of his movement.

By 1949, Chiang K'ai-shek and most of his forces had fled to _______, and Mao's forces took Beijing.

Taiwan

In 1957, the "Hundred Flowers" campaign was:

Terminated when the criticisms offered by intellectuals led to suggestions of an opposition party.

The original founders of the Non-Aligned Movement of Nations included all of the following except:

Turkey

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and The 1965 __________ were legal remedies put in place to end discrimination.

Voting Rights Act

A In response to the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Soviet Union formed the ______ Pact in 1955.

Warsaw

Between 1953 and 1961, nearly one-fifth of the ___________ population defected to West Germany.

East German

After Khrushchev was ousted from power by the Soviet Politburo, _______ rose in his place.

Leonid Brezhnev

Jawarhalal Nehru's admiration for ________ successes persuaded him to adopt the five-year-plan system of development for India.

Soviet

As pictured above, the ____________ began the space and missile race.

Soviet Union

Mao Zedong was alarmed by the pronouncements of General _____________, the commander of the UN forces in Korea, about raiding Chinese supply bases on the North Korean border.

Douglas McArthur

Some in the Non-Aligned Movement equated the Soviet position in ________ with colonialism and worried about China's emergent predominance in East Asia.

Eastern Europe

A crucial step in the fall of Juan Perón's regime was:

Excess spending which led to chronic deficits and foreign debt

Taking power shortly after the death of Chairman Mao in 1976, Deng Xiaoping implemented the ___________, the fundamental policies that remain in force in China to the present.

Four modernizations

The Communist Party of __________ initiated the formation of a Popular Front coalition with the Socialist Party and others in 1936.

France

The five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council are China, the United Kingdom, Russia, the United States, and ______.

France

Following protracted negotiations over Vietnamese independence in early 1946 between Ho Chi Minh and the _________, a stalemate ensued.

French

In Hungary, increased dissent took the form of "_____ communism", characterized by a relatively relaxed attitude toward criticism of the regime and by limited market reforms.

Goulash

"Lawrence of Arabia" helped the members of a prominent family, the ______ from Mecca, to assume leadership of the Arabs for a promised national kingdom in Syria and Palestine.

Hashemites

Khrushchev alarmed Western leaders by announcing that:

He would support anticolonial nationalist independence movements around the globe, even if they were not communists.

In the United States, businessmen such as ____________ financed research on how to prevent the reproduction of genetically "inferior" races.

Henry Ford

In the face of British opposition, the African nationalists in ______ formed the Mau Mau movement, and independence was finally granted in 1963.

Kenya

As part of the collectivization of agriculture launched in the Soviet Union, 3-5% of the "wealthiest" farmers, called _________, were "liquidated"—selected for execution, removed to labor camps, or resettled on other land.

Kulaks

Members of the "Harlem Renaissance" among African American artists and intellectuals felt that to be of African descent:

Made one part of a larger and richer collective history extending beyond the history of slavery.

The naval victory at _______________ gave the United States the initiative in 1942.

Midway

In an attempt to avoid a European war, Neville Chamberlain signed the _______ Agreement in the summer of 1938.

Munich

The ________ Amendment to the US Federal Constitution, passed in 1920, gave American women the right to vote.

Nineteenth

In his struggle for Indian independence, Mohandas Gandhi pursued a strategy of ______________.

Nonviolence

____________ was a cultural movement that, associated with French-language writers like Léopold Senghor, fostered pride in African history, culture, and "blackness".

Négritude

In 1939, the German army pioneered a new kind of warfare, a "Blitzkrieg" or "lightning war", in _______.

Poland

Because he __________ in June 1989, Major General Xu Qinxian was court-martialed and imprisoned for four years.

Refused to follow orders to shoot civilians in Tiananmen Square

By the late 1960s, the United States and the Soviet Union had entered into a period of relations known as "détente", a French term meaning ________.

Release of tension

As a result of a secret deal between British prime minister Churchill and Soviet leader Stalin in May 1944, Greece became part of the British sphere, in return for:

Romania and Bulgaria being apportioned to the Soviet sphere at war's end.

In March 1930, Mohandas Gandhi protested a British tax on Indian ______ by embarking on a famous 24-day march.

Salt

Realizing how close the world had come to war, President Kennedy and Premier Khrushchev signed the Nuclear ____________ Treaty in 1963.

Test ban

One of the most significant reasons for the continued stagnation of the British economy after World War I was:

That nearly half of its budget in the interwar period went to paying off debt from the war.

The Schlieffen Plan, implemented by the Germans at beginning of World War I, came close to succeeding, but it ultimately failed, for all of the following reasons except:

The Netherlands intervened on behalf of its neighbor, Belgium, threatening to invade Germany.

Why was Khrushchev able to crush the Hungarian revolution without much opposition from the West?

The US, Britain and France were preoccupied with the Suez Crisis.

As a result of the launch of Sputnik in 1957,

The United States accelerated its own missile and space program

The Suez War of 1956 resulted in:

The effective end of the last remnants of British and French imperialism in the Middle East

All of the following were characteristic of the Soviet economy in the Stalinist and post-Stalinist periods except:

Women entered the workplace in equal numbers to men, as all were considered "comrades".

Josip Tito, with Soviet help, came to power in ________ after World War II?

Yugoslavia