Chapter 28
Scientific Revolution
A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.
Haitian Revolution
A major influence of the Latin American revolutions because of its success; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.
Latin American Independence Movements
- The American and French Revolutions and the ideals of the Enlightenment inspired independence movements in Latin America. - Beginning with a successful slave revolt, Haiti was the first nation in Latin America to declare its independence (1804). - Creole leaders, resentful of the power and privilege of the peninsulares, spread revolutionary ideas throughout Spanish and Portuguese colonies. - The majority of Spanish and Portuguese colonies gained their independence in the early 1800s, taking advantage of Napoleon's invasion of Europe. - Notable independence leaders included Miguel Hidalgo, who gathered together the indigenous and mestizo populations of Mexico, and Simon Bolivar, a Creole who fought against Spanish rule in South America. - Although most of Latin America had independence by 1825, power continued to be concentrated in the hands of the elite, a combination of Creoles, caudillos, and military leaders, a trend that continued through to the 20th century .
Enlightenment
A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God.
Zionism
A policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine.
LIberalism
A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.
Conservatism
A political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes.
Nationalism
A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country
Capitalism
An economic system based on private ownership of capital
Mercantilism
Belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism.
Galileo
Contributed to the work of other scientists by improving technologies used to make observations and measurements.
Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
Document drawn up by the French National Assembly in 1789 that proclaimed the equal rights of all men; the declaration ideologically launched the French Revolution.
The natural rights of individuals.
Enlightenment philosophers most strongly supported the belief that all societies should observe:
Olympe de Gouges
French journalist who demanded equal rights for women.
Voltaire
French philosopher and writer whose works epitomize the Age of Enlightenment, often attacking injustice and intolerance.
Nationalism emerged in the French Revolution and was spread to the rest of Europe by Napoleon's conquests.
How did Nationalism spread across Europe in the 1800s?
People began to start standing up against the church and their monarchies.
How did the Enlightenment change political thought in Europe?
It showed them that independence was possible and inspired them.
How did the French Revolution influence the Western Hemisphere?
It promoted the scientific method, challenged ideas grounded in tradition, faith, or superstition, and advocated the restructuring of governments and social institutions based on reason. Women also were still seen as inferior to men.
How was the Enlightenment in some ways a continuation of social thought from pre-1700s? (think Reformations, etc.)
Political leaders harassed nationalist aspirations.
How was the unification of Italy and Germany similar?
-Liberalism: change is a welcome and normal agent of progress. -Conservatism: radical and revolutionary change was bad.
How were liberalism and conservatism different?
Progress of society.
In general, the philosophes believed in which of the following?
They were all influenced by the Enlightenment.
In what ways were the independence movements of North America (American Revolution, Haitian Revolution, Mexican Independence) and South America similar?
Toussaint L'Ouverture
Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French.
Jose de San Martin
Led revolts for Argentina and worked with Bolivar to free Peru from Spanish rule
Jose Maria Morelos
Mexican priest and former student of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, he led the forces fighting for Mexican independence until he was captured and executed in 1814. (See also Hidalgo y Costilla, Miguel.) (p. 626)
Miguel Hidalgo
Mexican priest who led peasants in call for independence and improved conditions
Challenged monarchical governments
One important similarity between the American Revolution and the French Revolution is that they both...
Mulattoes
People of African and European descent
Creoles
Spaniards born in Latin America
The Catholic Church
The Concordat of 1801 was between the French government and...
Protection of private property.
The Declaration of Independence and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen reflect a shared concern for...
Attempts to explain the workings of the natural world.
The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment were similar in that they both were...
Declaration of Independence
The document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain
Simon Bolivar
The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.
French Revolution
The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.
Philosophes
Thinkers of the Enlightenment; Wanted to educate the socially elite, but not the masses; were not allowed to openly criticize church or state, so used satire and double-meaning in their writings to avoid being banned; Salons held by wealthy women also kept philosophes safe; They considered themselves part of an intellectual community, and wrote back and forth to each other to share ideas.
American Revolution
This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.
There was concern over the voting structure.
Was NOT a reason the Estates General meeting was called in 1789.
The brutality of slave owners and inspiration from the French Revolution.
What were the causes of the Haitian Revolution?
The Enlightenment and the people were unhappy.
What were the causes of the Latin American Independence movements?
Expansion of suffrage rights.
What were the concerns of women reformers in 18th century Europe?
-People began to gain more rights while the aristocracy and kings began to lose power in colonies. -Forms of government such as Republics and constitutional monarchies started to become more widespread, replacing the existing feudal societies and absolute monarchies. -Constitutions became common, limiting the power of government and increasing the power of the people.
What were the results of the Atlantic Revolutions by the 1830s?
-Slavery was abolished. -The results facilitated further economic change.
What were the results of the revolutions in Europe by the 1700s?
Congress hall make no law...abridging the freedom of speech.
Which statement from the Bill of Rights is most similar to the political beliefs of Voltaire?