Chapter 29
A client has had an echocardiogram to measure ejection fraction. The nurse explains that ejection fraction is the percentage of blood the left ventricle ejects upon contraction. What is the typical percentage of blood a healthy heart ejects?
55%
The nurse assessing a client with an exacerbation of heart failure identifies which symptom as a cerebrovascular manifestation of heart failure (HF)?
Dizziness
A client with acute pericarditis is exhibiting distended jugular veins, tachycardia, tachypnea, and muffled heart sounds. The nurse recognizes these as symptoms of what occurrence?
Excess pericardial fluid compresses the heart and prevents adequate diastolic filling.
A client with congestive heart failure is admitted to the hospital after reporting shortness of breath. How should the nurse position the client in order to decrease preload?
Head of the bed elevated 45 degrees and lower arms supported by pillows
Which action will the nurse include in the plan of care for a client admitted with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) who is receiving milrinone?
Monitor blood pressure frequently
A client is awaiting the availability of a heart for transplant. What option may be available to the client as a bridge to transplant?
Ventricular assist device (VAD)
The nurse is caring for a client with heart failure. What sign will lead the nurse to suspect right-sided heart failure?
ascites
Frequently, what is the earliest symptom of left-sided heart failure?
dyspnea on exertion
A nurse is caring for a client with left-sided heart failure. During the nurse's assessment, the client is wheezing, restless, tachycardic, and has severe apprehension. The clients reports that these symptoms came on suddenly. The nurse knows that these are symptoms of what condition?
Acute pulmonary edema
A client with pulmonary edema has been admitted to the ICU. What would be the standard care for this client?
BP and pulse measurements every 15 to 30 minutes
The nurse recognizes that which laboratory test is a key diagnostic indicator of heart failure?
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
A patient in severe pulmonary edema is being intubated by the respiratory therapist. What priority action by the nurse will assist in the confirmation of tube placement in the proper position in the trachea?
Call for a chest x-ray.
A client has been prescribed furosemide 80 mg twice daily. The asymptomatic client begins to have rare premature ventricular contractions followed by runs of bigeminy with stable signs. What action will the nurse perform next?
Check the client's potassium level.
A client with chronic heart failure is able to continue with his regular physical activity and does not have any limitations as to what he can do. According to the New York Heart Association (NYHA), what classification of chronic heart failure does this client have?
Class I (Mild)
A patient is undergoing a pericardiocentesis. Following withdrawal of pericardial fluid, which assessment by the nurse indicates that cardiac tamponade has been relieved?
Decrease in central venous pressure (CVP)
Which diagnostic study is usually performed to confirm the diagnosis of heart failure?
Echocardiogram
The nurse is caring for a client with suspected right-sided heart failure. What would the nurse know that clients with suspected right-sided heart failure may experience?
Gradual unexplained weight gain
A client is already being treated for hypertension. The doctor is concerned about the potential for heart failure, and has the client return for regular check-ups. What does hypertension have to do with heart failure?
Hypertension causes the heart's chambers to enlarge and weaken.
The nurse is assessing a patient who reports no symptoms of heart failure at rest but is symptomatic with ordinary physical activity. Under what classification does the nurse understand this patient would be categorized?
II
Which New York Heart Association classification of heart failure has a poor prognosis and includes symptoms of cardiac insufficiency at rest?
IV
The pathophysiology of pericardial effusion is associated with all of the following except:
Increased venous return.
A nurse is assessing a client with congestive heart failure for jugular vein distension (JVD). Which observation is important to report to the physician?
JVD is noted 4 cm above the sternal angle.
A new client has been admitted with right-sided heart failure. When assessing this client, the nurse knows to look for which finding?
Jugular venous distention
The clinical manifestations of cardiogenic shock reflect the pathophysiology of heart failure (HF). By applying this correlation, the nurse notes that the degree of shock is proportional to which of the following?
Left ventricular function
Which feature is the hallmark of systolic heart failure?
Low ejection fraction (EF)
The nurse is providing discharge instructions to a client with heart failure preparing to leave the following day. What type of diet should the nurse request the dietitian to discuss with the client?
Low-sodium diet
The nurse is preparing to administer furosemide to a client with severe heart failure. What lab study should be of most concern for this client while taking furosemide?
Potassium level of 3.1
A patient is prescribed digitalis preparations. Which of the following conditions should the nurse closely monitor when caring for the patient?
Potassium levels
Which term describes the degree of stretch of the ventricular cardiac muscle fibers at the end of diastole?
Preload
A client is admitted to the hospital with systolic left-sided heart failure. The nurse knows to look for which assessment finding for this client?
Pulmonary congestion
A client has been diagnosed with heart failure. What is the major nursing outcome for the client?
Reduce the workload on the heart.
A client is admitted to the ICU with a diagnosis of heart failure. The client is exhibiting symptoms of weakness, ascites, weight gain, and jugular vein distention. The nurse would know that the client is exhibiting signs of what kind of heart failure?
Right-sided heart failure
Which is a manifestation of right-sided heart failure?
Systemic venous congestion
A client has a myocardial infarction in the left ventricle and develops crackles bilaterally; 3-pillow orthopnea; an S3 heart sound; and a cough with pink, frothy sputum. The nurse obtains a pulse oximetry reading of 88%. What do these signs and symptoms indicate for this client?
The development of left-sided heart failure
A client with a history of heart failure is returning from the operating room after inguinal hernia repair and the nurse assesses a low pulse oximetry reading. What is the most important nursing intervention?
Titrate oxygen therapy.
A client taking an ACE inhibitor has developed a dry, hacking cough. Because of this side effect, the client no longer wants to take that medication. What medication that has similar hemodynamic effects does the nurse anticipate the health care provider ordering?
Valsartan
The physician writes orders for a patient to receive an angiotensin II receptor blocker for treatment of heart failure. What medication does the nurse administer?
Valsartan (Diovan)
A client is at risk for excess fluid volume. Which nursing intervention ensures the most accurate monitoring of the client's fluid status?
Weighing the client daily at the same time each day
Which nursing intervention should the nurse perform when a client with valvular disorder of the heart has a heart rate less than 60 beats/min before administering beta-blockers?
Withhold the drug and inform the primary health care provider.
While auscultating the heart sounds of a client with heart failure, the nurse hears an extra heart sound immediately after the second heart sound (S2). How should the nurse document this sound?
a third heart sound (S3).
A client with left-sided heart failure reports increasing shortness of breath and is agitated and coughing up pink-tinged, foamy sputum. The nurse should recognize these findings as signs and symptoms of what condition?
acute pulmonary edema.
The nurse is assessing a client with left-sided heart failure. What assessment finding is expected?
air hunger
The nurse is caring for a client with heart failure. What sign will lead the nurse to suspect right-sided and left-sided heart failure?
ascites
A client who has developed congestive heart failure must learn to make dietary adaptations. The client should avoid:
canned peas.
Medical management of cardiac failure uses similar methodology whether it is right-sided or left-sided. Measures such as dietary modification, lifestyle changes, medications to reduce dyspnea and relieve anxiety, etc. are all used with one primary intention. The primary goal in the medical management of heart failure is to reduce:
cardiac workload.
A client asks the nurse if systolic heart failure will affect any other body function. What body system response correlates with systolic heart failure (HF)?
decrease in renal perfusion
The nurse is admitting a client with frothy pink sputum. What does the nurse suspect is the primary underlying disorder of pulmonary edema?
decreased left ventricular pumping
The nurse is interviewing a client during an initial visit at a cardiologist's office. What symptom will the nurse expect to find as an early symptom of chronic heart failure?
fatigue
The nurse is teaching a client about medications prescribed for severe volume overload from heart failure. What diuretic is the first-line treatment for clients diagnosed with heart failure?
furosemide
The nurse is assessing a newly admitted client with chest pain. What medical disorder is most likely causing the client to have jugular vein distention?
heart failure
A nurse is administering digoxin. What client parameter would cause the nurse to hold the digoxin and notify the health care prescriber?
heart rate of 55 beats per minute
The nurse is caring for a client with advanced heart failure. What treatment will be considered after all other therapies have failed?
heart transplant
A client is prescribed digitalis medication. Which condition should the nurse closely monitor when caring for the client?
nausea and vomiting
A nurse reviews the client's medical record and reads in the progress notes that the client has decreased left ventricular function. What assessment will validate the diagnosis?
orthopnea
When a client has increased difficulty breathing when lying flat, the nurse records that the client is demonstrating
orthopnea.
The nurse completes an assessment of a client admitted with a diagnosis of right-sided heart failure. What will be a significant clinical finding related to right-sided heart failure?
pitting edema
The nurse is administering digoxin to a client with heart failure. What laboratory value may predispose the client to digoxin toxicity?
potassium level of 2.8 mEq/L
A client with chronic heart failure is receiving digoxin 0.25 mg by mouth daily and furosemide 20 mg by mouth twice daily. The nurse should assess the client for what sign of digoxin toxicity?
visual disturbances.
A client with heart failure must be monitored closely after starting diuretic therapy. What is the best indicator for the nurse to monitor?
weight.
A nurse is caring for a client with heart failure. The nurse knows that the client has left-sided heart failure when the client makes which statement?
"I sleep on three pillows each night."
The nurse is admitting a client with heart failure. What client statement indicates that fluid overload was occurring at home?
"I'm having trouble going up the steps during the day."
A client in the emergency room is in cardiac arrest and exhibiting pulseless electrical activity (PEA) on the cardiac monitor. What will be the nurse's next action?
Administer epinephrine.
A client has been experiencing increasing shortness of breath and fatigue. The health care provider has ordered a diagnostic test in order to determine what type of heart failure the client is having. What diagnostic test does the nurse anticipate being ordered?
An echocardiogram
A client with left-sided heart failure is in danger of impaired renal perfusion. How would the nurse assess this client for impaired renal perfusion?
Assess for elevated blood urea nitrogen levels.
The nurse is teaching a group of clients with heart failure about how to decrease leg edema. What dietary advice will the nurse give to clients with severe heart failure?
Avoid the intake of processed and commercially prepared foods.
Which is a cerebrovascular manifestation of heart failure?
Dizziness
A nurse caring for a client recently admitted to the ICU observes the client coughing up large amounts of pink, frothy sputum. Lung auscultation reveals coarse crackles in the lower lobes bilaterally. Based on this assessment, the nurse recognizes this client is developing
Dyspnea on exertion
The nurse is obtaining data on an older adult client. What finding may indicate to the nurse the early symptom of heart failure?
Dyspnea on exertion
The nurse is caring for a client with heart failure. What procedure should the nurse prepare the client for in order to determine the ejection fraction to measure the efficiency of the heart as a pump?
Echocardiogram
The client with cardiac failure is taught to report which symptom to the health care provider or clinic immediately?
Persistent cough
A patient is admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with left-sided heart failure. What clinical manifestations does the nurse anticipate finding when performing an assessment? (Select all that apply.)
Pulmonary crackles Dyspnea Cough
A client has been having cardiac symptoms for several months and is seeing a cardiologist for diagnostics to determine the cause. How will the client's ejection fraction be measured?
echocardiogram
The nurse is teaching a client with heart failure about the ability for the heart to pump out blood. What diagnostic test will measure the ejection fraction of the heart?
echocardiogram
The nurse is assessing a client with crackling breath sounds or pulmonary congestion. What is the cause of the congestion?
inadequate cardiac output
The critical care nurse is caring for a client with cardiogenic shock. What is the premise for inserting an intra-aortic balloon pump?
inadequate tissue perfusion
The nurse is caring for a client with heart failure who is receiving a diuretic medication. What implementation will help the nurse evaluate the client's response of the medication?
measuring intake and output
A client has been admitted to the cardiac step-down unit with acute pulmonary edema. Which symptoms would the nurse expect to find during assessment?
moist, gurgling respirations
A nurse suspects that a client has digoxin toxicity. The nurse should assess for:
vision changes.
