Chapter 29: Seedless Plants

The leaves of ferns are called

fronds

Over the course of plant evolution from bryophytes to seed plants, the general trend has been toward a significant decrease in the size of the _____ stage in the life cycle.

gametophyte (or haploid)

In this fern life cycle, the circle is enclosing the

gametophyte.

Seeds are produced by

gymnosperms and angiosperms only

A typical land plant has a(n) _____ life cycle, which includes multicellular haploid and diploid stages.

hablodiplomatic

Choose all that are carried in vascular tissue.

hormones minerals sucrose water

The _____ are seedless vascular plants with hollow jointed stems.

horsetails

Even though _____ diverged from all other vascular plants early in their evolutionary history, they are similar in having leaves and a treelike growth form.

lycophytes

The sister group to all other vascular plants is the

lycophytes (or club mosses)

In plants, spores are produced within sporangia through the process of

meiosis

In the circled region of this moss life cycle, the sporangium is undergoing _____ to produce spores.

meiosis

In plants, spore mother cells undergo

meiosis to produce haploid spores

Over the course of plant evolution, the general trend has been toward

more embryo protection and a smaller gametophyte.

Organisms that exhibit a haplodiplontic life cycle have

multicellular haploid and diploid stages.

The bryophytes are also known as _____ plants because they lack tracheids.

nontracheophyte

Choose the two types of vascular tissue.

phloem and xylem

Mosses differ from other bryophytes because their gametophytes

produce structures that look like leaves and stems

Unlike bryophytes, lycophytes

produce vascular tissue

In this fern life cycle, the circle is enclosing

production of spores by meiosis

The main function of flowers is to

promote genetic diversity.

What structure functions both in support of the plant and transport of water and nutrients in tracheophytes?

roots

Liverworts reproduce through

sexual and asexual means

In bryophytes, water and nutrients are transported throughout the gametophyte by

simple conducting cells.

Clusters of sporangia on ferns are called

sori (or sorus)

In plants, meiosis occurs within what structure?

sporangia

Sori are clusters of

sporangia in ferns.

In plants, meiosis produces haploid ______.

spores

The cone-like structure on a horsetail stem produces haploid

spores

An important difference that distinguished the leaflike structures of moss gametophytes from true leaves is

the lack of vascular tissue.

A mature fern sporangium disperses its spores

through a catapulting mechanism.

Because water availability was a limiting factor for the growth of early terrestrial plant life, such plants likely had the ability to

tolerate dessication.

Tracheophytes are dominant in many terrestrial ecosystems because of their ability to produce

vascular tissue.

In bryophytes the sperm are flagellated and have to swim to the archegonia; therefore, the presence of is _____ necessary for fertilization.

water

The adaptation of plants to a terrestrial environment required more

water loss management

Choose all components of fern sporophytes.

-fiddleheads -fronds -rhizomes

Which of the following are similarities that evolved independently in at least some species of both lycophytes and other vascular plants?

1. A treelike growth form 2. The presence of leaves

Choose the answers that describe the typical shapes of moss sporangia.

1. Club-shaped 2. Cylindrical

Select all true statements about lycophytes.

1. Despite resembling true mosses, lycophytes have vascular tissues. 2. In lycophytes, the sporophyte generation is dominant.

Which of the following are characteristics of all (with a few exceptions, such as parasitic plants) land plants?

1. Diploid embryos 2. The ability to photosynthesize 3. Multicellular haploid and diploid generations

Which of the following is true of gamete production in humans and land plants?

1. Gametes are formed by mitosis in land plants. 2. Gametes are formed by meiosis in humans. Need help? Review these concept resources.

Select all features of liverworts.

1. Gametophytes have rhizoids. 2. They may be leafy or lobed.

Choose all features that confined the green algal ancestors of plants to water.

1. Higher levels of UV light on land 2. Less water availability in a terrestrial environment

Select all ways in which moss leaflike structures differ from true leaves.

1. Most of their surface is one cell layer thick 2. They lack stomata 3. They lack veins

Which of the following distinguish land plants from the clade of green algae known as the charophytes?

1. Multicellular sporophytes 2. Diploid embryos 3. Multicellular gametophytes

Select all functions of fruits.

1. Protection of seeds 2. Seed dispersal

Select all structures produced by mosses.

1. Rhizoids 2. Sporangia

Select all true statements about fern gametophytes.

1. Rhizoids anchor them to their substrate. 2. They contain archegonia and antheridia.

Select all adaptations of land plants that distinguish them from their algal relatives.

1. The presence of specialized water transporting tissues 2. The presence of stomata for gas exchange 3. The presence of a waxy cuticle on air-exposed surfaces

Select all true statements about hornworts.

1. Their sporophytes have stomata. 2. Their gametophytes are photosynthetic. 3. Of all bryophytes, their sporophytes are most similar to those of vascular plants.

Select all features common to whisk ferns, horsetails, and ferns.

1. They form antheridia and archegonia 2. They require free water for fertilization

Select all true statements about whisk fern sporophytes.

1. They lack true leaves. 2. They are photosynthetic (green).

Select all adaptive features of seeds.

1. They protect the embryo. 2. They nourish the embryo.

Select all functions of roots.

1. Transport of water 2. Plant support

Select all major limiting factors for the establishment of early terrestrial plant life.

1. carbon dioxide 2. water availability

A common feature of whisk ferns and horsetails is that they both have sperm with _____ ; for that reason, those plants require free water for _____

1. flagella 2. fertilization

In plants, the gametophyte produces _____ and the sporophyte produces _____

1. gametes 2. spores

In plants, the haploid generation is called the _____ and the diploid generation is the _____ .

1. gametophyte 2. sporophyte

In this plant life cycle _____ is occurring at the position labeled A, and _____ is occurring at B.

1. gametophyte (or haploid) 2. fsporophyte (or diploid)

In this plant life cycle, the _____ generation is represented by position A, while the _____ generation is at position B.

1. gametophyte (or haploid) 2. sporophyte (or diploid)

In this plant life cycle _____ is occurring at the position labeled C, and _____ is occurring at D.

1. meiosis 2. fertilization

In humans, gametes such as sperm and eggs are formed by the cellular process of _____ whereas land plants produce gametes by the process of _____

1. meiosis 2. mitosis

Seeds are very resistant structures, that can and _____ nourish the young ______

1. protect 2. embryo (or plant)

Place the following groups of plants in order according to the sizes of their gametophytes, with the group having the smallest gametophyte at the top.

1. seed plants 2. ferns 3. mosses

The _____ of bryophytes are carried away from the sporophyte by air currents, germinating into _____ if they land in a moist environment.

1. spores 2. gametophytes

Moss sporophytes typically have a slender _____ with a swollen capsule, known as the _____ , at its tip.

1. stalk 2. sporangium

Choose all correct answers. In plants,

1. the sporophyte may be large or small. 2. the gametophyte is never large.

The gametophyte of bryophytes has simple conducting cells rather than true vascular tissue for the transport of _____ and _____

1. water 2. nutrients

The vascular tissue that conducts water and minerals is called _____ , while the vascular tissue that conducts sucrose and hormones is called _____

1. xylem 2. phloem

At what stage in this moss life cycle is free-standing water required?

A

Which of the following accurately identifies all plants that produce seeds?

Angiosperms and gymnosperms

Select the main evolutionary innovation that helped the tracheophytes to become dominant in many terrestrial ecosystems.

The development of vascular tissue

A similarity between fern gametophytes and sporophytes is that they:

are photosynthetic

All of the following are examples of vascular plants except _______.

bryophytes

Conspicuous, photosynthetic gametophytes, and the lack of tracheids, are features of

bryophytes

The plant group with the little cell specialization is the

bryophytes

Xylem and phloem

conduct minerals and sucrose, respectively

Hornwort gametophytes are typically provided with nitrogen by their symbiotic, nitrogen-fixing

cyanobacteria

The closest relatives of seed plants are most likely

ferns

The most abundant group of seedless vascular plants is known by the common name of

ferns

One reason bryophytes require water for fertilization is because their sperm are

flagellated

How do ferns produce haploid spores?

By meiosis in sporangia

The sporophyte of what plant group consists of evenly forking photosynthetic stems that lack roots and leaves?

Whisk ferns

A major adaptation to a terrestrial lifestyle in land plants is

a cuticle on exposed surfaces.

In bryophytes, sperm and egg unite to produce

a sporophyte that grows upright from a ground-dwelling gametophyte.

The lycophytes are the sister group to

all other vascular plants.