Chapter 3
Identify each scenario as ethnocentrism, cultural relativism, or neither.
An American believes that learning a second language is not worth the time because English is the superior language. ethnocentrism An American believes that other languages should be respected and valued equally to English. cultural relativism An American believes that they should learn Spanish because it could be of value to them. neither
Place each ritual in order according to its appearance in Horace Miner's article "Body Ritual among the Nacirema."
An individual enters the shrine room. An individual bows their head before the charm-box. An individual mingles different sorts of holy water in the font. An individual proceeds with a brief rite of ablution.
Identify the commonalities between QAnon and Antifa.
Correct Answer(s) gained visibility and support through rallies and protests proliferated online and through social media started at the underground or grassroots level
Which of the following are examples of cultural diffusion?
Cultural Diffusion the popularity of anime programs like Dragon Ball in the United States during the last two decades the spread of hip-hop music (which originated in African American and Latino communities in New York City) among white youth across the United States
According to the textbook, what is culture?
Culture is the entire way of life of a group of people that acts as a lens through which one views the world and that is passed from one generation to the next.
Which of the following are examples of dominant culture in the United States?
Dominant Culture music played on most radio stations
Although American culture is highly visible worldwide via the media, the moral and political values of the country are not highly visible.
FALSE
Identify the subcultural and countercultural groups.
Subcultural Group(s) comic book fans marathon runners Countercultural Group(s) computer hackers eco-terrorists
Identify the examples of subcultures in the United States today.
Subculture(s) skateboarders CrossFit (group exercise) participants
Identify the true and false statements about culture.
True Statement(s) Culture includes both material and nonmaterial elements. Culture acts as a lens through which individuals view the world. Culture is handed down from generation to generation.
Identify the true and false statements about how sociologists study culture.
True Statement(s) Sociologists may engage in the process of "othering" by studying the unusual, extraordinary, or deviant in cultural groups. Sociologists often focus on culture within their own society.
Horace Miner's article "Body Ritual among the Nacirema" is about what group of people?
americans
Ethnocentrism is the principle of using one's own culture as a means or standard by which to evaluate another group or individual, leading to the view that cultures other than one's own are abnormal or inferior.
true
Otaku culture originated in what country?
Japan
Identify the examples of moral holidays.
Moral Holiday(s) Halloween a night of celebration after a home team's Super Bowl victory
Identify the assumptions underlying restroom restriction laws.
Underlying Assumption(s) Men represent more of a threat to others, with women the target of these threats. Gender emerges naturally from one's sex assigned at birth. Not Underlying Assumption(s) Transgender and nonbinary teens are at greater risk of sexual assault if they are denied access to the bathrooms that match their gender identity. Matching bathrooms to sex at birth, rather than to identity, constitutes discrimination.
What is one of the main points of Horace Miner's article "Body Ritual among the Nacirema"?
easy to take one's own culture for granted
Which pair of concepts consists of two direct opposites?
ethosomething and relatism ?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Otaku culture?
example of east influencing west
Examples of material culture during covid
face masks, vaccines, signs
Identify each item as a sign, a gesture, or neither.
frowning at someone gesture crying neither an emoji for sadness sign
Most large retailers such as Target, H&M, and Old Navy carry similar clothing styles, and thus there is not extreme variation in what most Americans wear. Which sociological concept best explains this phenomenon?
hegemony: Dominant culture produces cultural hegemony. The dominant status of large retailers dictates that individual choice will be somewhat constrained and that Americans will tend to wear similar clothing.
Identify the elements that could be considered culture.
historical artifacts style of dress films
Which cultural concept correctly describes the idea of equality in the United States?
ideal culture
The slogan "What happens here, only happens here" is an example of what cultural concept?
moral holiday: A moral holiday is a specified place or time period during which some norm violations are allowed.
Identify each statement as a value, a norm, or neither.
All people should have the chance to advance by "pulling themselves up by their bootstraps." value Families in the working class are less likely to have health insurance than those in the middle class. neither Race-based job discrimination is illegal. norm
Which of the following is an example of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
An indigenous people have no equivalent words for planet, Earth, or world. They do not view a macro picture of multiple planets.
BLANK, an international group of cyber activists—or "hacktivists"—who carry out their attacks online, is an example of a BLANK group. Their targets have included large corporations and major financial institutions such as Nissan, Visa, PayPal, Bank of America, and the New York Stock Exchange. Members of Anonymous have also sought to undermine the operations of terrorist organizations such as BLANK. At the same time, Anonymous has also lent its computer skills to social movements such as BLANK to help advance their cause.
Anonymous, an international group of cyber activists—or "hacktivists"—who carry out their attacks online, is an example of a countercultural group. Their targets have included large corporations and major financial institutions such as Nissan, Visa, PayPal, Bank of America, and the New York Stock Exchange. Members of Anonymous have also sought to undermine the operations of terrorist organizations such as ISIS. At the same time, Anonymous has also lent its computer skills to social movements such as Black Lives Matter to help advance their cause.
The controversy surrounding the "bathroom bills" of North Carolina and other states is an example of which of the following concepts?
CULTURE WARS
Cultural BLANK occurs when different groups share their material and nonmaterial culture with each other, and cultural BLANK occurs when cultures that were once distinct become increasingly similar to one another. A third type of cultural change is cultural BLANK, or the imposition of one culture's beliefs and practices on another culture through BLANK rather than by BLANK
Cultural diffusion occurs when different groups share their material and nonmaterial culture with each other, and cultural leveling occurs when cultures that were once distinct become increasingly similar to one another. A third type of cultural change is cultural imperialism, or the imposition of one culture's beliefs and practices on another culture through media and consumer products rather than by military force.
We occasionally see stories in the media about a high-profile individual, such as a religious or political leader who gets caught doing something the society views as wrong, despite the individual often being seen as a moral leader.These are examples of a disconnect between which two cultural concepts?
Ideal culture suggests that we be faithful to our spouses, engage in only limited alcohol use, and obey all traffic laws. The real culture is that many people slip up and violate these norms, thus falling short of maintaining these values on occasion.
Match each concept to the Covid-19-related example it fits.
If you don't wear a mask, you cannot enter a business. sanction respect for authority value When standing in line, remain six feet away from others. norm
What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
It is the idea that language structures thought and that ways of looking at the world are embedded in language.
Signs, gestures, and language, as well as values and norms, are all part of BLANK culture. BLANK are specific types of norms that formally codify what is permissible or forbidden, while BLANK often include severe repercussions and public condemnation. The most powerful of all norms are BLANK.
Signs, gestures, and language, as well as values and norms, are all part of nonmaterial culture. Laws are specific types of norms that formally codify what is permissible or forbidden, while mores often include severe repercussions and public condemnation. The most powerful of all norms are taboos.
Identify each statement as a value, a norm, or neither.
Teachers are more important to society than firefighters or doctors. neither Treat teachers with respect. value Striking a teacher is against the law. norm
Identify the examples of cultural leveling.
The existence of Walmart, Starbucks, McDonald's and other chain stores in the vast majority of American towns. You can watch Game of Thrones in Uzbekistan.
Match each theoretical perspective to its approach to culture.
Values and norms are part of the dominant culture and tend to represent and protect the interests of the most powerful groups in society. conflict theory Values and norms are widely shared and agreed upon; they contribute to social stability by reinforcing common bonds and constraining individual behavior. structural functionalism Values and norms are social constructions that may vary over time and in different contexts; meaning is created, maintained, and changed through ongoing social interaction. symbolic interactionism
Match each scenario to the corresponding element of culture.
When Emma walks through a city, she just has a sense that she should walk differently through an alley than down a crowded street. forms basic assumptions about how the world works Joaquin speaks Spanish, and dreams and thinks in Spanish. He makes no particular effort to speak Spanish; it just comes out of his mouth. seems like "second nature" On the first day of school, a kindergartner rolls on the floor whenever they feel like it. By the third day, they sit in their chair like the other students. learned
Identify each scenario as violating a folkway, a more, or neither.
a man paying for a $100 meal using only one-dollar bills folkway a woman walking down an American street with no shirt or bra on more a toddler throwing a tantrum and lying down in the middle of a supermarket neither
Which term refers to positive or negative means of enforcing norms?
sanctions
The following table applies theory to the culture of religion in everyday life. Place each theoretical perspective next to the appropriate case study of religion.
structural functionalism: Religion is an important social institution that functions as the basis for the morals and ethics that followers embrace, and that are applied to both society and the individual, thus promoting social order. conflict theory Religion serves to control the masses by creating rules for behavior; sanctions against violators may not be equally or fairly applied. Culture wars reflect tensions among groups over which values and norms will dominate. symbolic interactionism: Religion consists of beliefs and rituals that are part of the interaction among followers. Reciting the Lord's Prayer, bowing toward Mecca, and keeping a kosher home are meaningful displays of different religious values and norms. Leaders may play a role in creating social change.
One of the most significant influences on any society is its material culture. And most changes in material culture tend to be technological. Place each technological change in chronological order.
television internet smartphones virtual assistants
Most Americans value the equality and individual freedoms of democracy.
true
Any physical object that has social meaning can be considered a part of material culture.
true: Material culture refers to the objects associated with a cultural group, such as tools, machines, utensils, buildings, and artwork, but can also include any physical object that has social meaning.
