Chapter 3

But we do use gamma rays to sterilize food and medical equipment using a process called __________.

'irradiation'

Energy comes from _______

...matter.

These waves oscillate at frequencies that can vary from a few cycles per second (hertz) to more than _______ hertz. The electric and magnetic waves have oscillations that are oriented _______ degrees from each other and _____ degrees from the_________ of travel of the wave.

10^20 electric magnetic 90 90 direction

A particular commercial satellite radio station operates on 2335 MHz. What is the approximate wavelength of this signal? 128 mm 0.428 nm 128 km 0.122 nm

128 mm

Blue light has a wavelength of about 475 nm. What is the approximate photon energy associated with blue light? 3 x 10^-31 J 3 x 10^-40 J 4 x 10^-19 J 4 x 10^-28 J

4 x 10^-19 J

Planck's constant

6.63 x10 ^-34 Joule/seconds

Which of the following is an example of potential energy and not kinetic energy? A bottle of sugar sitting on the counter top An elephant moving at 10 m.p.h. A bike rolling downhill A car traveling at a constant speed A man walking

A bottle of sugar sitting on the counter top

The electromagnetic spectrum is: A man-made spectrum. A completely visible spectrum. A natural spectrum. A continuous range of frequencies (or wavelengths) from 3 Hz to 30 billion-billion Hz.

A continuous range of frequencies (or wavelengths) from 3 Hz to 30 billion-billion Hz.

Which of the following is an example of mechanical energy? A lamp plugged into a wall outlet. A rolling bowling ball. A cake baking in an oven. Cold packs used for sport injuries.

A rolling bowling ball.

examples of radio waves

AM and FM radios, TV, radar, and microwave ovens.

To resolve this problem, ______ _____proposed the components of speed - -_______&________ - to be relative to the state of ________of the observer

Albert Einstein space and time motion

Which of the following is a property of energy? Energy can be transferred from one object to another. Energy comes in many different forms. Energy is needed to move anything in nature. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Consider a ball at the end of a string. If the ball is swinging back and forth, at what point in the swing would the ball have the most potential energy? At the top of the swing At the bottom of the swing just past the bottom of the swing on the way up Just past the top of the swing on the way back down Mid way between the bottom and the top of the swing

At the top of the swing This is just another form of the 'biking up the hill' question - at the apex of an object's trajectory (the top of the hill / the top of the swing), an object has the most potential energy.

Most of the sun's harmful UV rays are absorbed by the gases in the earth's atmosphere. But the UV radiation that does get through can get into our skin cells and break the chemical bonds in DNA. Damage to _______ often results in mutations, which can lead to serious problems like skin cancer.

DNA

Einstein's equation ________ shows that ______&_______ are interchangeable

E = mc2 energy and mass

Which of the following expressions is accurate? E = m/c^2 c = Em^2 M = Ec^2 All of the expressions are accurate. E = mc^2

E = mc^2

This is probably a good time to point out that the ______ _________ regions do overlap a little. For example, some of the low frequency infrared waves can also be considered __________, while some of the higher infrared waves overlap with the _______ _______ range.

EM spectrum microwaves visible light

________ is necessary within systems in order to do work within that system.

Energy

_________ exists in different forms, such as heat, motion, light, chemical, and sound.

Energy

_____ & ______are everywhere, and everything is composed of energy and matter.

Energy and matter

A commercial, man-made system is using a channel at a wavelength of 2.92 m. What is the most likely application being used? Satellite radio FM radio Smart phone Radiology

FM radio

_____ _______- are emitted naturally from things undergoing _____ ________. Because gamma rays cause damage to cells and DNA, scientists have to be very careful about producing them.

Gamma rays radioactive decay

____________ radiation is the next region on the electromagnetic spectrum. We call it ________ because it's just 'below' the red part of the visible spectrum. It spans from frequencies of about _______ gigahertz to about _______ terahertz.

Infrared infrared 300 400

__________ radiation is emitted by things that are ____ or _________, including animals and people.

Infrared warm or hot

The energy (in__________) is calculated as Planck's constant multiplied by the frequency, or the product of Planck's constant and the speed of light divided by wavelength, like in this equation provided here:

Joules

Which of the following is a common unit that is used to measure energy? Newtons Meters Grams Joules

Joules

formula for kinetic energy

Kinetic Energy = ½ mass x velocity^2

Which of the following statements is NOT true concerning electromagnetic (EM) radiation? EM radiation can occur naturally or can be man-made. Frequency and wavelength of EM radiation are related by the speed of light. In an EM wave, the electrical and magnetic waves vibrate at right angles to each other. Photon energy in an EM wave depends both on frequency and amplitude of the wave.

Photon energy in an EM wave depends both on frequency and amplitude of the wave.

A bike resting at the top of a hill would be an example of what type of energy? Topical Beneficial Residual Kinetic Potential

Potential

Which of the following is the best definition for energy? The movement of an object some distance. Anything that has mass and volume. The conversion of weight into mass. The capacity to do work.

The capacity to do work.

Consider an object approaching the speed of light. Which of the following is accurate? All of the statements are accurate. The particle's mass will increase as it approaches, and then decrease when it reaches the speed of light. The particle's dimensions will increase but it's mass will remain constant as it approaches the speed of light. The particle's mass will increase as it approaches the speed of light. The particle's mass will decrease as it approaches the speed of light.

The particle's mass will increase as it approaches the speed of light.

When a larger particle is broken down into component parts, the sum of the masses of the component parts is slightly less than the mass of the larger particle. Which of the following accounts for this? The small mass difference cannot be accounted for based on modern theory. Mass can be converted into energy, but energy cannot be converted into mass. The small mass difference is accounted for by a relatively large amount of energy. The small mass difference is accounted for by a space contraction. Both time and space decrease at high speeds.

The small mass difference is accounted for by a relatively large amount of energy.

Big Bang Theory

The theory that the universe originated in a huge explosion that released all matter and energy.

That heated pot of water has a certain temperature, which is a reflection of the internal energy contained within the water. That's _______ ___________.

Thermal energy

Which of the following types of energy does the sun use to heat up our atmosphere? Electrical energy Chemical energy Mechanical energy Thermal energy

Thermal energy

Different types of energy can be categorized as either kinetic or potential. This statement is true for thermal and mechanical, but not elastic This statement is false, except in the case of mechanical energy This statement is never true This statement is true for all different types of energy

This statement is true for all different types of energy

___________ is also called UV radiation. You're probably most familiar with UV rays as the source of sunburn and other skin damage that results from exposure to the sun.

Ultraviolet

______ ________ spans from about 760 to 380 nanometers. At the low-frequency end, we perceive the light as ________. The full spectrum of visible colors spans through this range until we get to the other end, which we see as __________.

Visible light red violet

The ________ films that doctors look at are actually called radiographs

X-ray

______ come after UV radiation. _______ are really interesting because they can pass through substances in a way that allows us to use them for diagnostic imaging.

X-rays X-rays

__________ pass through soft tissue quite easily, but not so well through bone. By looking at how the _________ pass through the different tissues in your body, your doctor can get an idea of what's going on inside and hopefully let you know if you have a broken bone.

X-rays X-rays

Photon

a particle representing a quantum of light or other electromagnetic radiation.

Einsteins equation for the relativity of mass and energy suggests that ... mass can be converted into energy, but energy cannot be converted into mass. energy can be converted into mass, but mass cannot be converted into energy. a small amount of mass contains a lot of energy. a small amount of mass contains a small amount of energy. a small amount of energy can be converted into a large amount of mass.

a small amount of mass contains a lot of energy.

Energy must be applied to _________ the proton, just like a car needs gas to move and we need food to run. As the energy is added, the proton __________ - it moves faster.

accelerates accelerates

Mass can be converted into energy, and energy can be converted into mass. This phenomenon can be demonstrated with particle ______________.

accelerators

theory of relativity

allows observers to agree on what they see from different perspectives.

The data is created by modulating the parameters of the oscillations; for instance, by changing the ______ and ________. Radio waves have the _______ _________, ranging from about _______ millimeter to ___________ of meters.

amplitude and the wavelength. longest wavelengths one hundred

Energy is usually defined

as the capacity or ability to perform work.

question 4 of 6 Which of the following symbols represents the speed of light? c a b v d

c

Likewise, our bodies break down food chemicals to release energy.

chemical potential energy

This _______ _______ _________ is related to the arrangement of the chemicals. The arrangement may be a result of bonds that hold an______ ___________ together, or the arrangement could be the arrangement of __________ chemicals that are _________ together within a system.

chemical potential energy individual chemical different existing

electromagnetic spectrum

describes the vast range of frequencies, from the lowest frequency radio waves to the highest frequency gamma rays

Finally, energy exists in_______ ________, and energy can be transformed from one form of energy into another form of energy.

different forms

Similarly, a system may transfer energy to another by coming into ________ contact with it. When he hits the ball, that ball goes pretty far. In this example of energy transfer, the energy of motion in the bat is transferred into the baseball, which, in turn, now has energy of motion as well.

direct example of energy transferred from one system to another by movement of mass

velocity is the speed with a __________, while speed does not have a ___________. Speed is a scalar quantity—it is the magnitude of the velocity. Speed is measured in units of _______ divided by_________ (e.g., miles per hour, feet per second, meters per second, etc.).

direction direction distance time

In fact, the total amount of _______ contained within matter is directly proportional to the ______.

energy mass

The equation E = mc^2, where E =_______, m = _____, and c = the _____ of ________, is used to express the relative nature of _____&________.

energy mass speed of light mass and energy

It can be said that the universe is composed of two interchangeable properties: _____ & _____. Energy can be converted into ________ and matter can be converted into _______.

energy and matter. matter energy

We've all heated water on a stove, or perhaps we've watched somebody else do that. When we heat the water on the stove, energy is transferred from the heated element of the stove into the water. As that energy is transferred, the water molecules are forced to move faster.

example of energy transferred from one system to another by movement of mass

Frequency equation

f=1/T

In other words, work is done when a ____- moves some object some distance. Simply put, work requires ________, and ______ spent performs work.

force energy energy

For example, if a car moves twice as fast as another, it will contain______ times as much kinetic energy. That is assuming that both cars have the same _______ - or even if you talk about the same car and it moves twice as fast, it will also have four times as much kinetic energy.

four mass

The waves that live in the gamma ray section have the highest _________ and smallest __________ of all the EM waves.

frequencies wavelengths

The energy of the wave depends only on _______. The higher the _________, the higher the energy.

frequency frequency

The last region on the electromagnetic spectrum is the ______ __________.

gamma rays

We also use ______ ________ to take PET scans for diagnostic imaging and for radiation therapy in cancer treatment.

gamma rays

hich of the following has the highest energy? microwaves red light waves radio waves gamma waves ultraviolet waves

gamma waves

Now look for the lightning. At exactly the same moment you see the lightning, you will hear a 'scream' of static on the radio. What you're hearing is a multiple, or ________, of the lightning's EM signal. This should not be confused with thunder, which is a _____ ________, much slower, and is considered to be a mechanical wave.

harmonic sound wave

It may be a little puzzling to think that energy does not depend on the ________/( ________) of the wave. That's because with EM radiation, we are now working with _________ rather than classical mechanical energy (______ _______) or alternating voltages and currents in a circuit.

height /(amplitude) photons sound waves

If an object could achieve the speed of light, what would be its mass at the speed of light? infinite The mass of the object would return to it's stationary mass All of the object's mass would be converted into energy zero The mass of the object would be equal to the speed of light.

infinite

For example, a snake can use ______ vision to locate a warm mouse hiding in a grassy field. Mosquitoes can literally see the warm parts of your skin. This helps them pick out the best places to suck your blood!

infrared

Mosquitoes and some snakes find their food using vision in the _____ range. radio ultraviolet visible light microwave infrared

infrared

Additionally, the equation suggests that energy and mass are __________ with each other. In other words,_______ can be converted to mass and mass to _______.

interchangeable energy energy

Thermal energy is the

internal energy of a system as a result of its temperature.

A system

is a collection of objects organized into a whole - or, to put it another way: whatever you are considering as the whole for the purpose of a study.

Wavelength

is defined as the physical difference - measured in meters - between two successive positive (or negative) wave peaks.

potential energy

is energy stored in an object due to its position or arrangement

Electromagnetic (EM) radiation

is the movement of energy - through space or a medium - composed of both electric and magnetic waves that oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of wave travel.

In the physics world, energy is measured in units that we call___________.

joules

For example, in industry __________-hours are used as a measure of energy. In nutrition, _______ are used as a measure of energy.

kilowatt calories

Potential energy can be converted into_______ energy, and kinetic energy can be converted into ________ energy.

kinetic potential

In fact, the only way any ______ energy will exist is if it is released from a formerly stored energy, which is _______ energy. Likewise, kinetic energy is needed in order to store ________ energy in any system.

kinetic potential potential

If an object is at rest, it doesn't have _____ _________. If it's moving, then it has_____ ______. It's pretty simple!

kinetic energy. kinetic energy

EM wave energy equation

lambda is the wavelength in meters h-> Planck's constant= 6.63 x10 ^-34 Joule/seconds c-> speed of light

________ ( ) _________occurs both naturally (e.g., sunlight) and from man-made sources (e.g., wireless devices).

lectromagnetic (EM) radiation

On the electromagnetic spectrum, radio waves have the _____ frequency and the _____ wavelength. medium; medium highest; smallest lowest; smallest highest; largest lowest; largest

lowest; largest

Similarly, nuclear power plants are used to convert the tiny_______ of an atom into lots of energy.

mass

On the other hand, energy transfer can be more complex. When energy is transferred from one system to another system by some means other than movement of ______, the second system will change as a result of______ done to it.

mass work

When an atom is broken down, some of its _________ is converted into a relatively large amount of _______.

mass energy

if we reverse Einstein's equation, we get m = E / c^2. Looking at it this way, we can see that a tiny ______ can be converted into an enormous amount of _________.

mass energy

Additionally, these observations demonstrate that a particle with_______ can never achieve the speed of light. It gets _______ instead of faster. If an object with mass could achieve the speed of light, its mass would be __________.

mass heavier infinite

kinetic energy is directly proportional to both the _______ of the object and the square of its _______. This is important because small changes in ________ will result in ________ changes in kinetic energy.

mass speed speed larger

Some of the energy is converted into -________, and the proton gets larger. As the proton approaches the ______ of _______, almost all of the added energy is converted into -______ and the proton never reaches the speed of light

mass speed of light mass

The amount of kinetic energy of an object is dependent upon two variables, one being the______ of the______, the other being the _____- or the _________ of the object.

mass of the object speed or the velocity

A good example of______ _______ might be water held back behind a dam. There it has a certain position. Then the water moves over the dam. Now that water has motion. So that's a good example of a system containing ______ ________ - water moving over a dam.

mechanical energy mechanical energy

Which type of EM wave do we utilize to increase the thermal energy of our food? infrared radiation microwaves gamma rays UV rays X-rays

microwaves

After radio waves come the _________. These, of course, are the waves used to heat your food in a ____________ oven. They do this by rotating the molecules inside your food, which increases its ________ energy. Unlike regular ovens, _________ ovens do not actually transfer heat to your food. They heat the food directly by exciting the molecules. ________ are also used in wi-fi technology, but only at _______ intensities.

microwaves microwave thermal microwave Microwaves low

accelerate

move faster

Lightning, sunshine and gamma rays are examples of EM radiation that occur _______. Radio signals, microwave ovens, cellular phones, x-rays and satellite communications are but a few examples of _____-_______ EM radiation.

naturally man-made

Additionally, two points can appear close together or farther apart depending on the .........et, we can agree that they are separated by the ______ ________, regardless of our perspective.

observer's angle of perspective same space

Furthermore, an object can appear to be stationary or moving depending on the ............ We accept velocities are _______- to the velocities of other objects.

observer's state of motion relative ( considered in relation or in proportion to something else).

Additionally, energy can be transferred from _______ ________ to another.

one system

electromagnetic waves

originate from the vibration of charged particles, and they can travel without a medium.

To think about EM wave energy, imagine tying a rope to a tree or other object. Now start moving the end of the rope up and down until you create a wave. The faster you go, the faster the wave _________. The faster oscillations take more ______ from you to create than slower ones.

oscillates energy

All EM waves contain energy, which is measured in terms of a single _________.

photon

Gasoline is a chemical. That's obviously what we use to run our automobiles. When gasoline is burned, these bonds within the gasoline are broken, and that releases ________ energy.

potential

For example, people use _______ energy in food to contract muscles that are needed to ride a bike. In this example, the _______ energy from food is converted into kinetic energy, the energy of motion of the bicycle. The _____ energy of biking can then be converted into other forms. If the person rides the bike to the top of a hill, the kinetic energy of motion is then converted into ______ energy stored in the bike at the top of the hill. The potential energy stored in the bike at the top of the hill can be used to roll the bike down the hill.

potential potential kinetic potential

how different types of energy can be classified as 1 2

potential and kinetic energy

In other words, ______ _________ is stored in a system when something is moved from its natural resting state.

potential energy

Metal beams that are used to construct buildings also contain ________ _________.

potential energy

______ _______ can be stored in other devices as well, such as tires on your car, the shock absorbers on your car, and even wrecking balls that are used to tear down buildings.

potential energy

Scientists have generally classified waves based on how their ________ affects _________. For example, microwaves make molecules _______, while infrared radiation makes molecules _______.

radiation matter rotate vibrate

list the order of the electromagnetic spectrum 1 2 3 4 5 6

radio waves microwaves inferred visible light ultraviolet x-ray gamma ray

The lowest frequency waves on our EM spectrum are the ______ __________.

radio waves.

In either case, energy is ________ when some mass is broken down. Once _________, energy, in turn, can be used to perform _________. As we've talked about before, energy is everywhere.

released released work

For example, let's go back to the dam. Water flowing over a dam has energy of motion, and that energy of motion is used to generate electrical energy. When these energy transformations occur, the total amount of energy remains the -___________.

same

For example, an object appears larger close up than it does from a distance, yet we agree on the ...........

size of the object

The wave travels through free _______ at the _____ of _______.

space speed of light

Einstein expanded the theory of relativity first to include _______ &______, and then______& _______

space and time. mass and energy

What is the formula for speed????

speed = distance/time

_______ of ________ is an incredibly high number, almost 3 x 10 ^8 m/s a small amount of mass contains a lot of energy.

speed of light

Another example of a ________ could be your body. You may consider the human body as a _______ for the purpose of studying the interaction between the various organs that make up your body.

system

Energy transfer from one_______ to another can be as simple as moving a _____ from one system to another ______.

system mass system

For example, you can consider the entire universe as a ________. You may consider the universe as a system for the purpose of studying the relationship between different galaxies within the universe.

system.

The equation E = mc^2 states

that the amount of energy possessed by an object is equal to its mass multiplied by the square of the speed of light.

kinetic energy

the energy an object has due to its motion

Mechanical energy is

the energy of an object as a result of its location or motion.

To which of the following variables is kinetic energy proportional? the weight of an object the mass of the object and the velocity of the object squared the mass of the object only the speed of the object only the velocity of the object only

the mass of the object and the velocity of the object squared

Work can be defined as

the movement of mass when a force is applied to it

Frequency

the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

Wavelength is easily calculated as

the speed of light divided by the frequency, like in this equation provided here:

2nd Work can be defined as

the transfer of energy to or from matter.

As objects increase speed, both ______ and ______ _______

time and length decrease.

oscillate

to move back and forth

The electromagnetic waves that cause sunburn are X-rays ultraviolet gamma rays infrared microwaves

ultraviolet

After the visible light range comes the _____ ________.

ultraviolet light

so wavelength is related to frequency by the following equation:___________

v->f

The region of ______ _______ _______ is pretty small compared to most other regions.

visible light waves

This part of the spectrum is defined as the range of light frequencies to which the human eye is most sensitive.

visible light waves