Chapter 3 and 4

Proteins made on ribosomes may be further modified within the:

Golgi complex

The __________ can be considered a sorting, processing and packaging center.

Golgi complex

Analysis of a certain polymer shows that it contains phosphate groups, ribose sugars, and pyrimidines. Based on this information, which of the following is the best description of this compound?

It is most likely ribonucleic acid

The primary difference between the amino acids commonly found in proteins is in their:

R or variable groups.

(12) The molecular fragment represented in Figure 3-3 is:

RNA

Which of the following statements concerning steroids is FALSE?

They are always detrimental to living organisms.

The difference between a hexose and a pentose is that:

a hexose always has six carbons, but a pentose always has five carbons

An amphipathic molecule has:

a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic portion.

You isolate a cellular structure and determine that it is composed of a-tubulin and b-tubulin. Based on this evidence, you correctly identify this structure as:

a microtubule.

(12) The type of connection between the atoms at the point labeled 1 in Figure 3-3 is:

a phosphodiester linkage.

Evidence that all living cells have a common origin is provided by:

basic similarities in cell structure and chemistry.

(17) The structures in the micrograph are:

both cilia and flagella

Which of these terms is most inclusive?

carbohydrate

If glycine and alanine undergo condensation, the new bond that is formed is between the:

carbon of the carboxyl group and the nitrogen of the amino group

Which one of the following carbohydrates is the most structurally complex?

cellulose

Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?

centrosome-cell division

A cellular structure found in plant but not animal cells is the:

chloroplast.

Which of the following structures would not be found in cells of a plant's roots?

chloroplasts

DNA is associated with proteins, forming a complex called:

chromatin.

A chemical reaction in which monomers become covalently linked and thus synthesizes polymers from their building blocks is called:

condensation.

One function of peroxisomes involves the process of

detoxification

The force necessary to cause microtubules of cilia and flagella to slide alongside one another is provided through the action of __________ proteins, which derive the energy to perform their work directly from __________ molecules.

dynein; ATP

Proteins with alpha-helical forms exhibit this property:

elasticity

You want to determine the location of a specific protein in a cell using a colored stain. Which of the following is the best technique for this purpose?

fluorescence microscopy

(7)The two molecules in the following figure represent:

geometric isomers.

The scanning electron microscope differs from the transmission electron microscope in that the scanning electron microscope:

gives a three dimensional image of the object being studied.

A carbohydrate energy storage molecule found in animal liver and muscle cells is:

glycogen

In which of the following reactions must the equivalent of a water molecule be added in order to break a bond?

glycogen-glucose

Which of the following molecules is not grouped with the lipids?

glycoproteins

A eukaryotic cell:

has a variety of membranous organelles.

If you partially hydrogenate oleic acid, the resulting molecule most likely would:

have a double bond changed from cis to trans

One strategy that allows larger cells to have an effective surface area to volume ratio is:

having thin, finger-like projections.

Which of the following is a key component of the cytoskeleton?

microtubules

Which of the following is(are) composed of a gluelike polysaccharide called pectin and is located between the primary walls of adjacent plant cells?

middle lamella

Which of the following organelles plays an important role in apoptosis, or programmed cell death?

mitochondria

Which pair is mismatched?

monsaccharide-maltose

(10) The following amino acid would be characterized as __________ based on the chemical properties of its side chain.

nonpolar

This molecule transmits heredity information:

nucleic acid.

When a nucleic acid undergoes hydrolysis, the resulting subunits are:

nucleotides

A single cell in a smoker's lung has become cancerous. It doubles its DNA and divides much faster than a normal lung cell. The most likely change that would have caused this condition took place in the:

nucleus.

Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than either the human eye or any light microscope because:

of the very short (nanometer) wavelengths of electrons.

If a toxin, such as a bacterial toxin, destroys ribosomes, what cellular activity will be affected first?

protein synthesis

DNA most directly determines which __________ are made by a cell.

proteins

Differential centrifugation is a process that:

separates components of the cell that have different densities.

All of the following functions are performed by plant vacuoles EXCEPT

storage of nucleic acids.

The formation of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water occurs in the portion of the chloroplast called the:

stroma

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum:

synthesizes lipids.

Hydrocarbons are hydrophobic because:

the covalent bonds between hydrogen and carbon are nonpolar

A molecule of a saturated triacylglycerol contains:

the maximum number of hydrogen atoms in the fatty acid chains

If the differently shaded portions of this molecule represent different polypeptide chains, then this figure is representative of

the quaternary structure of a protein.

(6) The number of electron pairs shared between carbon 2 and 3 in the accompanying figure is:

2

Which of the following structures or activities is NOT directly part of the endomembrane system?

ribosomes

(14) The accompanying figure is the product of a:

scanning electron microscope

Amyloplasts are organelles that store:

starch

Which of the following illustrates hydrolysis?

the reaction of a fat to form glycerol and fatty acids

Amino acids are important biological buffers because:

their amino and carboxyl groups can accept and release protons (H+ )

The chemical interactions of large organic molecules are largely determined by:

their functional groups

Monosaccharides are water soluble because:

they have a large number of polar hydroxyl groups.

The hydrolysis of triacylglycerol will yield:

three fatty acids and one glycerol.

An individual flattened membrane within the chloroplast is called the:

thylakoid

Some white blood cells can engulf bacteria. The engulfed bacteria are encased in a vesicle formed from the plasma membrane. This vesicle fuses with a primary lysosome. The new combined vesicle is now called a secondary lysosome. The reason for forming a secondary lysosome is:

to mix the pathogens with strong hydrolytic enzymes and destroy them.

Which of the following is not a property of carbon?

Carbon-to-carbon bonds are limited to single bonds.

Which of the following statements best summarizes the differences between RNA and DNA?

DNA comprises the genes, while RNA is a direct participant in the process of protein synthesis.

(13)Which of the following statements about Figure 4-1 is true?

Figure B has a smaller surface area to volume ratio than Figure A.

Which of the following statements is true of proteins?

Proteins lose some or all of their normal activity if their three-dimensional structure is disrupted

Nucleoli contain chromosomal regions that specialize in making:

RNA

Which of the following descriptions or structures does NOT match the cell type?

Smallest cell are egg cells

Which of the following statements concerning unsaturated fats is correct?

They are generally liquid at room temperature

Which of the following statements concerning centrioles is FALSE?

They have a 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules.

Which of the following is NOT true of lipids?

They have many oxygen-containing functional groups.

It is advantageous for cells to be small because:

a small cell has a small volume relative to surface area, thereby increasing efficient transport.

The cis face of the Golgi complex is most directly involved in which of the following?

accepting vesicles from the ER

As a result of testing an experimental drip on a vertebrate cell, you notice that the cell cortex becomes more fluid, and although the cell remains strong, it loses its ability to move. Based on this evidence, you correctly conclude that the drug most directly affected:

actin filaments.

This functional group is weakly basic because it can accept an H+ ion:

amino

Carbohydrate molecules

are a source of energy.

You isolate a compound that is insoluble in water, has alternating single and double bonds, and has a bright orange color. You correctly conclude that this compound is a:

carotenoid

The theory that chloroplasts and mitochondria had their evolutionary beginnings in eukaryotic cells as endosymbionts is supported by all of the following EXCEPT:

chloroplasts and mitochondria do NOT interact with or depend on any of the other cellular components.

A glycoprotein destined for secretion from the cell would move through the Golgi complex in this sequence:

cis face to medial region to trans face

(16) The main process that occurs at the site of the structures marked by arrows in Figure 4-3 is:

conversion of food molecules to ATP

(16) The structures indicated by the arrows in Figure 4-3 are:

cristae

Which of the following is NOT a cell covering or part of a cell covering?

cristae

The highly polarized nature of compounds containing carboxyl groups can be attributed to the presence of two:

highly electronegative oxygen atoms.

Which of the following is responsible for the alpha-helical structure of proteins?

hydrogen bonds

(8) The process illustrated in Figure 3-1 is called

hydrolysis.

Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?

integrins-receptors

ATP is important in living organisms because:

it can transfer some of its energy to other chemicals and thus serves as the primary energy currency of all cells.

Glucose dissolves in water because:

it has polar hydroxyl groups that interact with polar water molecules

The ratio of the size of the image seen with the microscope to the actual size of the object is called:

magnification

(15) Which of the following functions would most likely be occurring in the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in Figure 4-2?

molecular chaperone activity

The largest and most complex assembly of proteins in the eukaryotic cell, consisting of 30 different proteins, is the __________.

nuclear pore

Which pair matches the correct macromolecule with the bond that joins its subunits?

nucleic acid-phosphodiester linkage

Molecular chaperones are proteins that mediate the folding process of:

other proteins.

(9)The most abundant molecules in this structure are:

phospholipids.

(16) The organelle featured in Figure 4-3

plays a central role in energy metabolism.

(15) Refer to Figure 4-2. The rough endoplasmic reticulum indicated by the arrow is responsible for:

protein synthesis

Membrane-bounded organelles facilitate faster chemical reactions because:

reactants are within close proximity to each other.