Chapter 3 APHG
What caused immigration from Latin America to the US increase?
1984 Immigration and Control Act: issued visas to immigrants already living in the US who didn't already have them
Peaks of Euro Migration to America
1st Peak -(1607-1840) 90% of immigrants were from Great Britain reaching a dramatic climax in the two decades(where most immigrants started coming from North west Europe) before the U.S Civil War. 2nd Peak - (1860-1890)- Migration dramatically tails of because of U.S Civil War, but reaches a new peak in the 1880's(again from Northwestern Europe) caused by countries industrializing and reaching stage 2 of demographic transition. 3rd Peak (1890 -1920) - Migration became lower because of economic problems in U.S.S in this era, but by 1910 large amount of migrants from Southern and Eastern Europe.
Push factor
A factor, such as unemployment, wide scale poverty in Kenya, or the lack of freedom of speech, that induces people to want to leave their country and move to another one (like the US), only hypothetically lol.
Time contract workers
A worker who comes to work someplace for a fixed period of time, Typically work in Asia. Workers that work a fixed period in a specific country. Asians in the 19th century worked mines or plantations. Many stayed after contracts expired. Indians worked in Malaysia, British Guiana, E and S Africa, Fiji, Mauritius, and Trinidad. Chinese comprise 3/4th of the population in Singapore, 1/3rd in Malaysia, and 1/10 in Thailand. Most migrants are from SE China.
National Origins Act
Act that set quotas for each country at 2 % of the number of people from that country living in the U.S. in 1890. The goal was to reduce immigration from certain countries.
Mobility
All types of movement from one location to another.
undocumented immigrants
Also known as illegal immigrants; migrants who enter a country without proper documentation.
Zebulon Pike
American soldier and explorer whom Pikes Peak in Colorada is named. His Pike expedition often compared to the Lewis and Clark expedition, mapped much of the southern portion of the Louisiana Purchase. Named the Great Plains "The Great American Desert".
intervening obstacle
An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration. Were primarily environmental in the past, but modern transportation changed the dynamic and it is now more likely to be caused by local politics and government.
Intervening Obstacle
An environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration
What have been some recent changes in family characteristics of migrants?
An increasing percentage of US immigrants are children, and an increase in women.
What was the first intervening obstacle which hindered American settlement of the interior of the continent? Why?
Appalachian Mts: Steep slopes, thick forests, very few gaps
Migration transition
Change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition. Proposed by Wilbur Zelinsky
What are the 3 countries that sent out the most immigrants from Asia in recent years
China, Philippines, India
Pull Factor
Factor that induces people to move to a new location.
How did the railroads encourage settlement of the American interior?
Federal gov't sold land portions to farmers
Migration
Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location.
Wilbur Zelinsky
Geographer associated with migration transition--change in the migration pattern in a society that results from the social and economic changes that produce the demographic transition. Stage 2--international. Stage 3&4--internal
net in-migration
If the number of immigrants exceeds the number of emigrants, the net migration is positive and the region has __________.
1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act
In 1986 Act that issued hundreds of thousands of visas to undocumented immigrants, making them legal migrants. This caused the number of immigrants to increase since the percentage allowed was based on a now larger based population.
What would one expect to occur in stage 4 of migration transition on the demographic transition model?
International migrants from stage 2 come here, internal migration is from cities to suburbs.
Brain drain
Large-scale emigration by talented people.
Briefly describe the role of physical geography in examining intervening obstacles and migration
Many people tried to migrate to a place, but couldn't because of bodies of water, deserts, mountains, etc. They didn't have good transportation
How does seasonality make the Mexican migration to the US a concept of human mobility, rather than permanent migration?
Mexicans travel across the border and work in the US autumn-spring, then they come back to their families in Mexico with the money they made.
Chain migration
Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there. (Think China Town, Little Italy, etc etc.
What would one expect to occur in stage 2 of migration transition on the demographic transition model?
More importance in international migration, as well as internal migration from rural areas to cities.
How does migration from Mexico to the Us support the Demographic Transition Model's Migrant Transition?
More than 3/4 of the migrants from Mexico to the US lived in rural areas, or stage 2.
Why have characteristics of migrants changed?
More women are working, likely due to changes in gender roles.
How does migration from Mexico to the US support the distance-decay function?
Most Mexican immigrant's destination of choice are the states bordering Mexico.
What where the previous gender characteristics of migrants?
Most were males traveling long distance.
What are the present gender characteristics of migrants?
Mostly females, but males also, traveling long distances.
Suburbanization
Movement of upper and middle-class people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts to escape pollution as well as deteriorating social conditions (perceived and actual). In North America, the process began in the early nineteenth century and became a mass phenomenon by the second half of the twentieth century.
Counterurbanization
Net migration from urban to rural areas in MDCs
From what countries and to what countries to people generally move?
Out of Asia, Latin America and Africa (LDCS)
Dust Bowl
Parts of Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas that were hit hard by dry topsoil and high winds that created blinding dust storms; this area of the Great Plains became called that because winds blew away crops and farms, and blew dust from Oklahoma to Albany, New York.
Refugees
People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.
Forced Migration
Permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors.
International Migration
Permanent movement from one country to another.
Interregional Migration
Permanent movement from one region of a country to another.
Internal Migration
Permanent movement within a particular country.
Intraregional Migration
Permanent movement within one region of a country.
Forced migration
Permanent movement(International migration) compelled usually by cultural/political factors(Push factor).
Voluntary migration
Permanent movement(International migration) that has been undertaken by choice.
What type of push factors are usually responsible for forced migration?
Political/environmental factors
What has been the recurring family characteristic of migrants?
Single males, traveling long distances, because they can work in another country and send money back to their families.
In what stage of the demographic transition are most countries that send out immigrants
Stage 2: LCDs mostly in Asia, Latin America, and Africa
Floodplain
The area subject to flooding during a given number of years according to historical trends.
Net migration
The difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants
What is the most famous example of large-scale interregional migration in the US?
The opening of the American West
Enclosure movement
The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century., This was the way that the English landowners would now organize their land so that the farmers would become more productive in their work
Sunbelt
The southern and southwestern states, from the Carolinas to California, characterized by warm climate and recently, rapid population growth
What would one expect to occur in stage 1 of migration transition on the demographic transition model?
Very little permanent migration, but lots of mobility in search of food.
What type of push factors are usually responsible for voluntary and forced migration?
Voluntary: Economic push.
Guest workers
Workers who migrate to the more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern of Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs.
Briefly describe the role of political concerns/laws in examining intervening obstacles and migration
a migrant needs a passport to legally emigrate from a country and a visa to legally immigrate to a new country.
Cultural pull factor
example, after communists gained control of Eastern Europe, many people in that region were pulled toward the democracies in Western Europe and North America
briefly describe the role of transportation in examining intervening obstacles and migration
long ago, many people walked places by foot or by horse. Which takes a long time and the weather or physical conditions caused people to die.
Environmental push factor example
many people have moved from the Sahel region of Northern Africa because of drought conditions
Emigration
migration from a place (especially migration from your native country in order to settle in another)
Immigration
migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there)
Cultural push factors
slavery, political instability, etc.
Environmental pull factor example
the Rocky Mountains lures people to Colorado
Stage 2 of the migration transition consists of:
-Moving from rural areas to urban areas -High international migration
Stage 3 of the migration transition consists of:
-Moving to cities and suburbs -High international immigration
5 Summary Statements regarding global migration patterns
-People move from LDCs to MDCs -US and Europe have a lot of immigrants -9% of the world are international immigrants -Guest workers moving from Southwest Asia for work -US had more foreign born residents
What are Ravenstein's 2 laws for distance in relation of migrants?
1. Most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same country 2. Long distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity
Rustbelt
Urban areas in New England and Middle West characterized by concentrations of declining industries (steel or textiles).
Stage 1 of the migration transition consists of:
-Hunting/gathering -Moving daily
What is population center?
Average location of everyone in the country
E.G. Ravenstein
British demographer who sought an answer to "why people voluntarily migrate." He studied internal migration in England and proposed the laws of migration involving the use of Pull and Push factors.
What developments in transportation eventually encouraged settlement to the Mississippi?
Building of Canals
The world's third most populous country (US) is inhabited overwhelmingly by who?
Direct descendants from immigrants
What do people need to officially migrate?
Emigrate: Passport.
Why was settlement of the Great Plains slow to come with settlers passing it by for California and the west coast?
Emigration from Europe to the East Coast offset most of the emigration from the East Coast to the US West
What are examples of environmental push and pull factors?
Push: Hazardous regions.
What are specific examples of economic push and pull factors.
Push: Places that have few job opportunities.
What are examples of cultural push and pull factors?
Push: Slavery or political instability.
How have intervening obstacles changed?
There is diminished importance of physical obstacles due to transportation improvements, and more importance in cultural obstacles.
What types of push factors are usually responsible for voluntary migration?
They have chosen to move because of economic improvement
Quota Act of 1921
This act sets a cap of 3% of each nationality (based on the 1910 census) already in the U.S. to be allowed to immigrate to the U.S., it discriminates against certain nationalities such as Greeks, Poles, and Eastern European Jews.
Although the reasons people leave their countries to immigrate to the US have not changed over time, what has changed here in the US?
US is no longer sparsely settled
