CHAPTER 3 break from Rome

Wolsey appointed papal legate

Cardinal and Chancellor of England, failed to get a divorce for Henry

1540

Court of Augmentations established , with richard rich as chancellors to handle the property and income from dissolved monasteries

Act of Supremacy

Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534.

erasmus

Erasmus had made a threefold criticism of the monks and nuns of his day, saying that: in withdrawing from the world into their own communal life, they elevated man-made monastic vows of poverty, chastity and obedience above the God-given vows of sacramental baptism; and elevated man-made monastic rules for religious life above the God-given teachings of the Gospels;[6] notwithstanding exceptional communities of genuine austere life and exemplary charity, the overwhelming majority of abbeys and priories were havens for idle drones; concerned only for their own existence, reserving for themselves an excessive share of the commonwealth's religious assets, and contributing little or nothing to the spiritual needs of ordinary people;[7] and the monasteries, almost without exception, were deeply involved in promoting and profiting from the veneration of relics, in the form of pilgrimages and purported miraculous tokens. The cult of relics was by no means specific to monasteries, but Erasmus was scandalised by the extent to which well-educated and highly regarded monks and nuns would participate in the perpetration of what he considered to be frauds against gullible and credulous lay believers.[8]

obedience of the christian man

William Tyndale as dispute worsened with pope , reformer ideas became more attractive 1528 Tyndall published this book claiming king had divine authority over the souls and bodies of their subjects and royal authority was supreme -WAS BANNED FROM ENG but Anne Boleyn, obviously impatient to get jiggy with it , brought it to Henrys attention ( she got a copy from france) -COURTIERS LIKE THOMAS CROMWELL , travelled extensively in Europe and would have been familiar with it when Henry found himself obstructed by za pope, he had a bunch of ideas for change and how to remove the obstacles from these peeps and books

William warham

Archbishop of Canterbury (until 1532), Lord Chancellor (until 1515)

Wolsey

"No, Catherine's his wife and she's as barren as a brick. Are you going to pray for a miracle?"

Lutheranism

A Protestant denomination of Christian faith founded by Martin Luther

secular

'of this world'

valor ecclesiasticus

Literally 'the value of the Church'. Survey into the wealth and condition of the English Church. Carried out in 1535 under Cromwell's direction.

Thomas Cromwell

(1485-1540) Became King Henry VII's close advisor following Cardinal Wolsey's dismissal. He and his contemporary THomas Cranmer convinced the king to break from Rome and made the Church of England increasingly more Protestant., (1485-1540) King Henry III's Chief Minister; he confiscated the wealth of the Catholic church and divided administration according to its functions by creating seperate departments of state

John Wycliffe

(c.1328-1384) Forerunner to the Reformation. Created English Lollardy. Attacked the corruption of the clergy, and questioned the power of the pope.

Heresy

(n.) an opinion different from accepted belief; the denial of an idea that is generally held sacred

causes of monastery dissolution

- (religious)vanishing high regard/ corruption - (economic) wealth benefit - (socio-poitical) served as reminders of catholocism, conflicted with aspects of religious reformation , church supremacy

socio-political causes of monastery dissolution

- monasteries permanent reminders of catholic church - although monks and nuns had been forced to swear an oath recognizing henry as head of church - they were potential centers for resistance to royal supremacy - primary role of monasteries - to pray for the salvation of souls- was not in keeping with new protestant theology of individual faith in God. - for those critics of the church who wanted genuine reform along protestant lines, the monasteries were outdated and irrelevant instiutions

economic causes monasteries dissolution

- monasteries wealthy institutions - 1535 henry instructed cromwell to survey the of a property and value of smaller monasteries.= the valor ecclesiasticus - survey showed monasteries had the potential to double the crowns annual income . - During this time henry needed money to further his ambitions abroad, seizing the assets of the monasteries was a tempting concept . -- ( this could be a separate point or under economic / power cause ) - seizure of monastic lands would also give the crown additional property to distribute a way of buying support from the nobility and gentry at a difficult time. -☺Dissolution made up 10% of the kingdom's wealth in 1530s, which would finance foreign policy

Catholicism vs. Protestantism

- superiority of the monastic and religious life over the secular vs all vocations have equal merit - seven sacraments vs three (baptism, penance and Eucharist) - transubstantiation vs consubstantiation - rituals(convention ) and doctrine ( what catholic church says goes) vs just bible -heirarchal - pope vs non heirarchal broadly -word of god thru pope interlocutor vs u can directly communicate w/ god; god can forgive u directly . - original sin , -latin bible vs venacular bible and mass

spread of protestant ideas

---------------------------------------------help from the king 1)1529 onwards Henry encouraged criticism of the pope and the English clergy allowed those who demanded reform to speak openly because it helped pressure pope for divorce- offered relief from persecution for reformers and influence on the church . 2)-kings divorce, campaign to win support in European universities and growing influence of sympathetic individuals like Anne Boleyn and Thomas Cromwell enabled reformers to develop ideas, increase support and gain influence within govt and church itself ---------------------------------------------------- help from the queen 1)-while Cromwell managed campaign in parliament , 2)Anne drew henrys attention to work of Tyndale, 3)protected heretics eg Robert Forman in London and 4)encouraged appointment of Hugh Latimer and Nicolas Shaxton ( who had been accused of heresy in 1531) yo vacant bishops posts = selection of crammer as archbishop of Canterbury in 1532 --------------------------------------------------growing power 1)-by 1536, individuals who favored some of Luthers reforms were firmly established in govt inspire of henrys aversion to changes in doctrines they started influencing religious debate at court 2) in addition preachers such as JOHN BALE, EDWARD CROME and ROBERT BARNES spread protestant teachings in London , Cranmer encouraged similar activities in Suffolk , Essex and Kent . doctrinal reforms happened later in 1530s further encouraged reformers -----------------------------------------------------------

1537-1538

-Closure of monasteries continued although some religious houses bribed officials to overlook them temporarily - the opposition of carthusian monks to the dissolution of their establishments led to their execution under henrys orders

1536

-based on commisioners findings, parliament passed the act for the dissolution of the smaller monasteries, which closed all religious house of lords valued at under 200 pounds. - new comissioners were sent out to supervise the closures ( provoking rebellion in Lincolnshire and yorkshire)

attempts to progress the divorce question (support) pg 69

-between 29-32 took measures to pressure clergy to supporting his divorce -ALLIES= common ground with.. 1)religious reformers wanting radical religious change with common view that church was obstacle to their ambitions 2)lollards who were supporters of luthor 3)general anti-clericism encouraged by humanists ------ALL WANTED CHURCH REFORMS

Anne Boleyn

-daughter of sir George Boleyn , jr branch of the Howards of Norfolk -some historians accuse her of winning Henry sexually . -destruction in 1536 was brought by Cromwell , who tortured her musician MARK SMEATON into a confession of adulteries and incest with her bro George (ew) -pg 69 for extra info

improving religious leadership

-for reformers church could only be solved this way -one way to achieve improved religious leadership ----would be strengthening royal authority/power to protect and develop church of england. -BUUUUUUT -during 1520's Henry opposed this idea in his book defense of the seven sacrements '- which implied support for pope authority in Rome -HE WAS AWARDED BY THE CHURCH TITLE 'fidei defensor' (defender of the faith)

monasteries context

-nuns,monks + other members of clergy often hermited themselves in monasteries, nonetheless important part of local life. -places of shelter and sanctuary for travelers, sources of medicine and food for the needy and education for the wealthy

condition of the church in the 1520's

-ppl had contentions with taxes to Rome in england -

effect of dissolution of monasteries on education

-the effect of dissolution on learning, breaking up on generations of book libraries- children of wealthy fams would've learnt in monasteries from them . -evidence suggests great libraries broken up, books taken to private collectors or burned ----------------------------------------------------------- on da other hand , new cathedrals found could've been religious institutions eg Peterborough cathedral other place, church in monasteries retained as local place of worship . some schools that had been attached to monastic institutions re-opened . a few of Henry VIII schools as a result. however meanly king Edward VI schools that exist now are refoundations from earlier places of worship under direction of monks.

why was progress in henrys divorce so slow 1529-31?

-wolsey tried, failed ; was replaced as lord chancellor by Thomas more -more was less keen to be pragmatic and do whatever Henry wanted, regardless of church+pope

Doctrinal Reform

1) 1536 Cromwell ( as vicar general of church) worked with crammer to introduce elements of protestantism --------------------------------------------------------- 2)cromwell issued ten articles of faith ( lol crammer probably wrote it tho ) passed by convocation ( parliament of the church) articles stated they had been ' devised by the kings highness majesty to establish christian quietness and unity' ----------------------------------------------------------- 3) included some distinctly lutheran ideas but retained strong catholic elements . but was highkey vague articles eg pray for dead but no mention of purgatory. wording of eucharist was catholic but Luthers views on salvation by faith were also reflected. ( OOOH GOTTHE BEEEEST THE BOOTH WOORRLLDDSS.) ----------------------------------------------------------- 4) enforced by 2 sets of injunctions in 1536 and 1538. which ordered clergy to follow the articles and explain to their congregations . a bishops book was published in 1537, offering interpretation and advice . both injunction and bishops book attacked abuses and superstitions that had come to be associated with the church and encouraged protestant reformers. ----------------------------------------------------------- 5)1537 , first translation of the Bible into English was published , crammer persuaded Henry to sanction this . based much on Tyndall w/ miles Coverdale contributions (pfshhh coverdale ssshis , cuz he's covering dale lool) - 1538 royal proclamation translated versions in every parish church , to be read and examined by the congregation . emphasis v protestant against 'catholic errors'

how the break with Rome affected Henry VII's powers as king

1)church laws -act for submission of clergy confirmed kings control over cannon laws -further laws (AROA) removed popes right to grant exemption from church laws and restricted appeals to Rome 2)finances payment of annates first fruits and tenths transferred from pope to king 3)appointments act against annates (1532) laid down a system for appointing bishops without approval from Rome 4) organisation -act of supremacy acknowledged Henry as head of church -treason act made denial of royal supremacy a capital offense

compare more and wolsey

1- A)biggest difference, wolsey was prepared to to seize opportunities and act flexibly in the interests of royal master (evidence=) B) More had rigid principles, especially on religious matters. since the question of the kings divorce remained unresolved when he became chief minister, cause of difficulties with Henry as chancellor, more was able to act lutheran influences within church but found work frustrated by Anne boleyns presence at court

swing back to Catholicism 1538-40

1- changes (1535-40) were getting too fast for Henry (:0!) especially when he needed catholic allies at the end of 30's and needed to stress that catholic changes in england were v moderate yo SO LEZZ ALL CHILLAX OKIE ----------------------------------------------------------- 2- swing back to catholic doctrines in '38-40 showed Cromwells waning power , especially after henrys opposition to Anne of cleve being his fourth wife ( ''cuz she mad ugly tho'' I mean cuz Henry is so Peng innit) ----------------------------------------------------------- 3-catholic Howard family gaining influence (leading to 1540 marriage to Catherine Howard) the head of the fam, duke of Norfolk largely responsible for getting parliament to agree to the 6 articles 1539, large catholic emphasis ----------------------------------------------------------- 4-setback for protestants proved to be temporary but was enough for two bishops Latimer and shaxton to resign their positions ( R U KIMBAP KIDDING ME , I JUST LEARNED UR NAME SHAXTON SIT DOWN) ----------------------------------------------------------- 5- articles stated clerical celibacy had to continue , Cranmer sent his wife ( an ex-nun) to live with relatives in Germany ( HONEY BE GONE UR TOO SEXY) ----------------------------------------------------------- 6-protestant reformers came back to power in 1541 when Howard fam lost favor after Catherine Howard discredited (executed 1542)

Thomas more as chancellor

1-poor replacement for wolsey as lord chancellor 2-put his principles before everything 3-in utopia , targeted the land owning elite ^ Henry was a fan , more had helped foster the myth of Richards reign being a Yorkist evil murdering monster 4-BUT, at court more was more (Lel) sympathetic to C.O.A, grew concerned of Henrys treatment of her and his support of those who wanted church reform just for the divorce 5-more was critical of church, but like most humanists believed in progressive development> drastic action 6-HOWEVER, he was intolerant of heresy and wrote viciously against Lutheran reformers+ beliefs. instrumental in harsh persecution of reforms in 1528 and again in 1530-31 when he was chancellor

Henry's closures of the monasteries

1500 = 825 religious houses, 500 of which monasteries; 1540, all closed for 4 reasons: 1.Wealth identified in Cromwell's 1535 Value of Church Survey (double King's income) 2.Provide Crown with extensive lands able to distribute to nobles for support 3.Although forced to swear oath to King (rather than Pope), monasteries could become centres of opposition 4.Monks praying for souls against Protestant teachings of individual faith in God

Wolsey appointed Lord Chancellor

1515 dissolution monasteries

pressure on clergy

1529= parliament encouraged to voice anti-clerical feelings -Thomas Cromwell MP began collecting evidence of abuses --------------------------------------------------------- 1530= revival of praueminere, 15 of upper clergy were charged with supporting wolsey abuse of power against king --------------------------------------------------------- 1531= Henry ''pardoned '' the clergy of crimes against him , but demanded they recognize him as sole protector and head of church '' (compromise was reached, Henry accepted supreme head 'as far as the law of christ allowed) --------------------------------------------------------- 1532= MARCH' Cromwell introduced 'supplication against ordinaries' into house of commons-petition calling king to deal with the abuses and corruption of clergy. Cromwell held no major office at this time but was invited to royal council. MAY; Henry demanded that the church should agree to ' the submission of the clergy' -document giving him power to veto church laws and to choose bishops, even if not approved by Rome RESIGNATION OF THOMAS MORE ACCEPTED --------------------------------------------------------- 1533= jan; Henry secretly married now pregnant Anne Boleyn

pressure on pope

1530= scholars from Oxford and Cambridge sent to European universities to find support for henrys divorce --------------------------------------------------------- 1532= January : act of parliament passed despite fierce opposition preventing PAYMENT OF ANNATES to Rome , significant attack on popes rights over clergy . act suspended over 1 year. august: death of archbishop of Canterbury (William warham ) king asked Thomas Cranmer to replace him ( reformer with some protestant views) --------------------------------------------------------- 1533= 'act in restraint of appeals' passed by parliament denying henrys subjects ability to appeal to the pope against decisions in English church courts (cant go run to daddy when court is finna kill you) . law prevented C.O.A from seeking popes arbitration when divorce case came before courts

Royal Supremacy by Act of Parliament

1534 these changes were reinforced by 1534 act of supremacy -acknowledged king as head of church, with all the rights, this entailed to decide its organization,personelle and doctrine. to enforce act of supremacy , treason act made denial of royal supremacy punishable by death . had been made clear monarch was in charge of day to day running of church, 1535 Cromwell appointed as vicar general , he was to act as henrys deputy in his oversight of the church organization and running - Henry making instant use of his new title

William Tyndale

An English professor who believed that everyone should be able to interpret the Bible. He translated the Bible to English which led for his arrest. However, he escaped and continued to translate the Bible. He was eventually executed.

June 1533

Anne crowned queen, 6 months pregnant after court in may 1533 under archbishop cranmer , arguments were the ones used in 1520s that Catherines marriage to Arthur had been consummated and was banned in the book of Leviticus - therefore Cath and Henry was invalid .

Thomas More

He was a English humanist that wrote utopia drawing difference between real christian society and fictional perfection of utopia ; a scholar

95 Theses

It was nailed to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517 and is widely seen as being the catalyst that started the Protestant Reformation. It contained Luther's list of accusations against the Roman Catholic Church.

porto-reformation

John wycliffe stop the corruption!

Problems in the Catholic Church (idk if this applies to monasteries)

Sales of indulgences. buying and selling of Church offices, became more involved in worldly affairs, rather than problems of the church indulgences fake relics adultery and spending and all of that

Old vs. New Testament

The old law was given by moses, new law by Jesus. Promises from old law included prosperity, being a part of God's nation. New law included eternal life, forgiveness, and life with god forever

1534 Act of Supremacy

When King Henry VII declared that the English King was to be the protector and only supreme head of the church and clergy or England. All people were forced to accept this doctrine and worship the new religion.

Causes of Dissolution of monasteries: religious corruption

^ we know they used to be good and they're hella important but -but by 16ce high regard vanished, regular clergy members declined to around 10,000 and some monasteries housed fewer than a dozen monks -OG monks and nuns devoted lives to prayer and da simple life tings but eventually got servants and accumulated luxuries bought by money renting out their land. -widespread concern in the later 15th and early 16th centuries about the condition of the monasteries. A leading figure here is the scholar and theologian Desiderius Erasmus who satirized monasteries as lax, as comfortably worldly, as wasteful of scarce resources, and as superstitious; ----------------------------------------------------------- this decline gave Henry + Cromwell first ( not most important tho) reason for dissolving tings , as head of church Henry could carry out inspections on any religious establishment -survey 1535 carried out on Cromwells orders , discovered corruption common in English/welsh monasteries giving Henry excuse to close them - realistically, level of corruption probs not much worse in clergy as a whole but Cromwell instructed commissioners to find most damaging pieces of evidence about each institution that they visited , even if listening to unfounded gossip and rumors - historians tend to dismiss this official reason for dissolution and instead look at ..

Archbishop Thomas Cranmer short but u need to go page 73

a leader of the English Reformation and Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and, for a short time, Mary I. He helped build the case for the annulment of Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, which was one of the causes of the separation of the English Church from union with the Holy See. Along with Thomas Cromwell, he supported the principle of Royal Supremacy, in which the king was considered sovereign over the Church within his realm.

Praemunire

a parliamentary statute enacted in 1393 to prevent papal interference in the rights of the Crown to make appointments to Church office Henry re enacted this medieval law to hold 13 clergymen with abuse of power

Problems with the Church. actin lutherism (more European since H8 was kinda religious , but just wanted a divorce innit)

absenteeism- not in office, but draw salary ; just make a low ranking priest do it / work harder pluralism - holding more than one parish indulgences and pardons- get me out of purgatory , bail me out bro (protestants like ML don't believe in purgatory ) general sin - sex/ gay tings / illegitimate kids -

govt propoganda supporting the reformation

actively promoted the reform 1) PREAMBLES -eg in the way preambles of acts were phrased; appealing to bible+ early origins of history where temporal leaders had political control over the early christian church eg roman emperors ------------------------------------------------- 2) DIFFERENCES- reformers also keen to draw distinction between 'potestas jurisdictionis' ( right to exercise jurisdiction over church = Henry) and 'potestas ordinis'( right to exercise spiritual leadership which bishops still retained) --------------------------------------------------- 3 PUBLICATIONS -also, after break w/rome some conservatives in theology were keen to appeal to the king to defend church against protestant heresy, on the assumption the king would fully support them. some conservatives even published propaganda emphasizing obedience to sovereign -eg Stephen Gardiner , bishop of Winchester and one of kings secretaries = wrote pamphlet 'de vera obedienta' (true obedience) other Cromwell encouraged writers wrote more protestant/humanist viewpoints -Thomas starkly 'exhortation to unity and obedience' (1536) used bible as sole source of authority . bible clear on necessity of obeying temporal ruler.

1534 Act of First Fruits and Tenths + act of supremacy

allowed henry to tax the church -these were taxes previously paid to the pope when a person was appointed (first fruits) and then one-tenth of their income every year - act of supremacy gave henry the power to supervise and reform all religious establishments in england

henrys campaign ambitions

between 29-34 two clear objectives 1- obtain divorce 2- pressure on English clergy not to oppose him and pressure on pope clement VII. during these years his objective changed from pressuring pope to challenging him on control of English church

Stephen Gardiner

bishop of Winchester wrote pamphlet 'de vera obedienta' (true obedience)

extent of religious change in 1530s

changed -ten articles of faith + bishop books and English bibles errwhere - king be head of church and dat - spread of protestantism = bishop positions, publications -dissolution of the monastery stayed the same - altho head, still kinda not protestant and not rlly change- pope never ran day-to -day , no doctrinal changes for a minute - new doctrines were vague af sooo also six articles in swing back to Catholicism ( but then Howard fam lost favor sooooo...)

1535

cromwell sent out commissioners to value monastic lands and produce report : valor ecclesiastus ( meaning value of the church) cromwell sent out a second set of commissioners to investigate the moral and spiritual standards of monasteries

Process of dissolution

dates I cromwells actions 1534- act of fruits and tenths , act of supremacy 1535- valor ecclesiasticus 1536- based on V.E and act for dissolution of smaller monasteries 1537-38- carthusian monks execution 1539 - act of the dissolution of the larger monasteries 1540- court of augmentations

Act in Restraint of Appeals (1533)

declared the king to be the supreme sovereign in England and forbade judicial appeals to the papacy preamble made bold claims to defend what Henry, his ministers and parliament was doing in court in '33

Thomas starkly

exhortation to unity and obedience' (1536) used bible as sole source of authority . bible clear on necessity of obeying temporal ruler. divine authority on king '' representeth as it were the image of god on earth''

*extra* historian opinions on henrys progression to challenging control of English church pt 1

historian Conrad Russell= thought idea of divorce without paupal permission was in his brains as early as '27 but he had to wait until conditions were right to carry out this plan -he had to delay until he could appoint higher clergy men who were likely to support him. this meant waiting until at least the archbishop of Canterburys death , warm was nearly 80 in the late 20's

political, social, economic significance of dissolution of monasteries

in early 16ce at least 825 religious houses in england and Wales. over 500 of these were monasteries, others nunneries and friaries. many owned much land and employed many laborers, aswell as providing livelihood for those in villages nearby. by 1540 all these had closed, with huge implications for society and the economy as a whole as well as what was being assumed about religious beliefs and practices. provided evidence of how both monarch and parliament were able to utilize newly declared powers in legislation of early 1530's.

Llolards

name given to English religious rebels of the 1300s

implication of the act of supremacy

not dat influential= -altho might seem changing pope as head is a huge deal it was already commonly accepted that medieval popes didnt have much to do with day-to-day decision making and control. -altho popes made appointments to seniors positions such as bishoprics , ppl already knew pope just accepted kings confirmed decisions. -only changes were rlly just political -no doctrines changed at all up to 1536-reflects role of Henry himself in controlling the policy . -rome was already rarely appealed to for legal decisions , monarchs across Europe already gaining more powers over running Catholic Church with the encouragement of the papacy in exchange for taxation levies. ------------------------ hella influential= importance of act short term was what Cromwell and Henry did next with dissolution of monasteries soon importance spread more changes to doctrines which were approved by parliament ( where the monarch is a constitutional part) can be argued major consequences of act in long term was more religious than political

consequence of dissolution

opposition pshhh so much 1- resistance at court (-aragonese faction ) 2-resistance within clergy (-monastic resistance) 3-resistance with country ( then think about scale of resistance)

*extra* historian opinions on henrys progression to challenging control of English church pt 2

other writers see more caution in henrys policies point out royal policies were appointed very hesitantly . eg prohibition of annates , policy was suspended for a year then only applied with kings approval. suggests Henry still hoped to use policies as a bargaining chip in his divorce negotiations. GEOFFERY ELTON AND CHRISTOPHER HAIGH, use this as evidence Henry was scared of a split with church, since despite strong anti-clericism in clergy - the opposition to his prohibition of annates proved not common viewpoint. challenging church power was directly dangerous as pope had power to excommunicate Henry , all oaths of loyalty becoming annulled and rebellion being sanctioned or even considered duty

1539

parliament passed the act for the dissolution of larger monasteries , extending the closures to all religious houses except chantries ( small, private chapels where prayers for dead souls) Monastic land and buildings were confiscated and sold off to families who sympathised with Henry's break from Rome. By 1540 monasteries were being dismantled at a rate of fifty a month.

Thomas Cromwell 1485-1540

pg 72 1532 master of kings jewels , access to kings private rooms in palace 1533 chancellor of exchequer and master of rolls 1535 appointed vicar general 1536 lord privy seal and principal secretary on royal council , also awarded with title baron Cromwell 1540 became lord great chamberlain and earl of Essex shortly before his fall

revision religious hierarchy

pope+ patriarch (political posiyions at the time) cardinals (political position at the time) archbishops bishops priests prone to corruption because political structure clergy secular (of this world, mortal tings) regular clergy (monks, nuns, abbots) regular because theyre hermits, not world ly like secular

why was Henry successful in attaining divorce and becoming head of the church

pressure on clergy= 1- Cromwells evidence of clerical abuse in parliament 2-prauminere 3- pardon ^ and announce sole protector and head of church 4-supplication against ordinaries (corruption in clergy - Cromwell) and submission of clergy (veto church laws+ chose bishops) and Thomas more resigned 5- secretly married Anne and pregnancy pressure on pope = 1- oxbridge scholars help find supporting evidence for case in European uni 2- act of parliament preventing annates and death of warham ( archbishop of Canterbury) 3- act in restraint of appeals , preventing popes arbitration for Catherine in divorce case

Interlocutor

someone who participates in a conversation

annate

special tax payed by members of higher clergy to Rome during first year of office

Arbitration

the process or act of resolving a dispute

Theology

the study of religion

Martin Luthor

theologian and composer German monk who nailed a list of complaints against the Catholic Church on the door of a church in Wittenberg (1517) wrote "A mighty fortress is our God" Begins the reformation. Insisted on an intensely personal religion in which each person is answerable only to God

Tyndale

translated the Bible into English

NOT ECONOMIC ARGUMENTS

☹nflation made their true value less