Chapter 3

Biomolecules

4 classes of organic compounds. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nuclear acid.

Hydrocarbons

Chains of carbon with additional bonds of just hydrogen.

Functional group

Combination of bonded Atoms that always react the same way. Hydophonic- not soluable in water Hydrophillic- soluable in water

Monosaccharides

Consist of only a sugar molecules and are called simple sugars. Carbon backbone consists of 3 to 7 carbons. Every carbon is bonded and soluble in water.

Organic molecules

Contain both hydrogen and oxygen Atoms. Diversity of life due to diversity of a organic molecules.

Glucose

Critical to biological function. Major source of cellular fuel.

Fatty acid

Long hydrocarbon chain with an even number of carbons and group at one end. Most fatty acids in cells contain 16 or 18 carbon atoms per molecule of those smaller ones are also found. Fatty acids are either saturated or unsaturated.

Lipids

Long-term energy - fats and oils

Glycogen

Animals store glucose as glycogen. Liver cells contains granules where glycogen is stored until needed. After we eat, the release of the hormone insulin from the pancreas promotes the storage of glucose as glycogen.

Protein

Antibodies -fight infection Enzymes - speed up chemical reactions Structural - hair and nail strength

Fats

Are an essential part of the diet. Provide lots of energy having more than twice the caloric density of carbohydrates. Needed to build and maintain cell membranes. Provide essential padding for internal organisms. Fats are also a major reason why some foods taste good.

Carbon

Carbon can form double bonds - not as flexible Triple Bonds- Acetylene - gas used in welding

Nucleic acid

Carry genetic information - RNA and DNA allows for continuation of a species

Polysaccharides

Energy Storage Molecules are polymers of monosaccharides. Broken down to create energy. Serve as storage molecules because they are not soluble in water. Much larger than a simple sugar. polysaccharides cannot pass through the plasma membrane -a sheet like structure that encloses cells.

Lipids

Fats are insoluble in water due to their hydrocarbon chains. Hydrogen bonded only too carbons are nonpolar and have no tendency to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. Fat, a well-known lipid, is used by animals for both insulation and long-term energy storage. Fat below the skin of marine mammals is called blubber. In humans it's called a spare tire. Plants use oil instead of fat for long-term energy Fats, oils, steroids, waxes, phospholipids.

Carbohydrates

Immediate Source of energy - glucose, fructose, starch. Source of energy. Chain of sugar 1-2-1 carbon - hydrogen - oxygen Monomer subunits called Monosaccharides assembled into long polymer chains called polysaccharides

Phospholipids and steroids.

Important lipids found in living things. Serve as major components of the plasma membrane in cells. Steroids are also involved in cell communication. Waxes which are sticky, have a protective function in living things.

Polymers

Largest number of bio molecules Linking together a large # of the same type of subunit (called monomers). A polymer gets longer as monomers bond to one another.

Unsaturated fats

Might be healthier for you but plant oils are not solid at room temperature which makes them more difficult to cook with. food manufacturers hydrogenate unsaturated fatty acid by heating the oil and exposing it to hydrogen gas. This treatment made the other was liquid plant oils better shelflife and easier to cook with. This process created trans-fats. Have double bonds in the carbon chain which reduces the number of bonded to hydrogen Atoms, In addition, double bonds and unsaturated fatty acid's make have chemical groups arranged on the same side.

Isomers

Organic molecules Identical formulas with different arrangements of atoms. Variation of architecture of a molecule.

Starch

Plants store glucose as starch. Amylose-non branched and amylopectin- branched.

Trans-fats

Recently have been shown to increase bad cholesterol and lower good cholesterol. Transpac consumption appears to be an increase of heart attack.

Carbon Atom

Six electrons, two in first layer and for an outer layer. CHNOPS Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, silicon Carbon can share with as many as four elements. I deal building block for biomolecules. Carbon can share carbon electrons with the other carbon Adams. Stable long chains.

Saturated fats

Solid at room temperature. Come from animals. Have effects in the body that are different from unsaturated fat. Come from animals. Or liquid at room temperature. Saturated fats are molecules that Easley stick together in the blood and too much saturated fat has been shown by scientists to negatively affect the heart. Resulting and clogging arteries and coronary heart disease.no double bonds between the carbon Adams and contain as many hydrogens as they can potentially hold.

Peptidoglycan

Structural polysaccharide's in bacteria. The structure of the peptidoglycan is even more complex because each monomer also has an amino acid chain.

Chitin

Structural polysaccharides in animals and fungi. Found in lobster and crab and cannot be digested by animals. In Chitin, the monomer has an attached amino group. Chitin has antifungal & antibacterial properties it is used in Madison.

Cellulose

Structural polysaccharides in plants. The cellulose monomer is a simple glucose, In each case the addition of a functional group to the glucose monomers are changes it's the chemical properties. Cellulose serves at it as a dietary fiber which maintains regularity of fecal elimination.

Disaccharides

Two monosaccharides that have joined during a dehydration reaction. Maltose, sucrose, lactose

Triglycerides.

Two types of subunit molecules - fatty acids and glycerol