Chapter 3 Health and Physical Activity in Our Society
current trends: moving toward the future
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fitness and physical activity movement
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wellness movement
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epidemiologic shift
20th century. Gradual epidemiologic transition from infectious to chronic diseases as the leading causes of death.
the 2016 national health interview survey
24.4 percent of adults engaged in regular physical activity during their leisure time- -Men engaged slightly more frequently than women. -Younger adults were more active than older adults. Differences in leisure-time physical activity participation were associated with level of education, poverty, race, and ethnicity- -Higher levels of education and income were associated with greater participation by adults. -Non-Hispanic whites were more active than non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics.
physical activity guidelines
Adults, aged 18 to 64- Recommended to engage in moderate-intensity exercise, which is 150 to 300 minutes a week, vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity which is 75 to 150 minutes a week, or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity each week. Should also partake in muscle strengthening activities twice a week.
changing demographics
Age Distribution, Under the Age of 18- In 2020, approximately 24 percent of the population will be under the age of 18. Fastest Growing Population Group- Hispanics are the fastest growing racial and ethnic group as they are expected to comprise 25 percent of the population by 2050.
overview
Although men and women of all ages are participating in fitness and sport activities more than ever before, available data show that many children and adults are leading sedentary lives. The Surgeon General's Vision for a Healthy and Fit Nation, 2010, the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2018, and the U.S. National Physical Activity Plan, 2016 provide recommendations for youths and adults in relation to physical activity.
implications of the wellness movement
Americans show limited progress in achieving previous goals, objectives, and recommendations suggested by Healthy People and calls to action from the nation's administration. School Physical Education- -Need for strong, passionate spokespeople on behalf of physical education and sport. -Must reverse the decline in the number of children participating in daily physical education. -Should be an integral component of a comprehensive school physical activity program. -Should provide the foundation for participation in physical activities throughout one's lifespan.
fitness and physical activity of children and youth
Are our nation's children and youth fit? Are they participating in sufficient physical activity to gain health benefits and reduce their risk for disease?
changing demographics
At the beginning of the twentieth century, the average life expectancy in the United States was 47.3 years. In 2016, life expectancy for the U.S. population was 78.6 years. Age Distribution, Older Adults. -In 2010, 40.3 million people, which is 13 percent of population, was 65 years and older. -By 2030, it is projected that 20 percent of the population will be 65 and older.
2016 National Physical Activity Plan: Categories
Business and Industry: 5 strategies. Communication, Recreation, Fitness and Parks: 5 strategies. Education: 7 strategies. Faith-Based Settings: 6 strategies. Health Care: 4 strategies. Mass Media: 4 strategies. Public Health: 6 strategies. Sport: 8 strategies. Transportation, Land Use, and Community Design: 5 strategies.
physical activity guidelines
Children and adolescents, aged 6 to 17- Recommended to engage in 60 minutes of moderate physical activity daily and vigorous physical activity three times a week. Recommended to engage in muscle- and bone- strengthening activity 3 days a week.
chronic disease in the United States
Chronic diseases account for 74 percent of all deaths and approximately 75 percent of health care costs each year. Cardiovascular disease and cancer are the most prevalent chronic diseases and the number one and two causes of death in the United States, respectively. 1)Cardiovascular disease is related to physical inactivity, poor nutrition, obesity, and tobacco and alcohol use. 2)Many of the cancer deaths are related to poor nutrition, physical inactivity, overweight and obesity, and other lifestyle factors.
social justice points 3 and 4
Community access to physical activity opportunities need to be made available to all individuals regardless of urban, rural, or suburban geographic locations, social status, age and race, and ethnicity. Sport is prominent in the US culture for youth, adolescents and young adults; however, physical activity opportunities need to be offered to children ages 1 to 5 years old as well as middle aged and older adults.
implications of changing demographics
Competence- Implies having the capacity to function effectively as an individual and an organization within the context of the cultural beliefs, behaviors, and needs presented by consumers and their communities. Cultural humility- The process of self-reflection and critique followed by action to create change in an unjust society.
implications of changing demographics
Culture- Refers to integrated patterns of human behavior that include the language, thoughts, communications, actions, customs, beliefs, values, and institutions of racial, ethnic, religious or social groups. **Important for professionals to continuously develop their cultural competence through awareness of and reflection on their own values, beliefs, biases, and prejudices.
importance of cultural competency and humility
Essential to the achievement of lifespan involvement in physical activity for all people. Thus, professionals need to: Develop programs that incorporate the values, traditions, and customs of the cultural group. Respect individual rights, use effective communication skills that convey respect and sensitivity, and appreciate how diversity enriches individuals' lives.
overweight and obesity in youths
Estimated Youth Obesity in 2015 to 2016- -13.9 percent of children aged 2 to 5. -18.4 percent of children aged 6 to 11. -20.6 percent of adolescents aged 12 to 19. The biggest and most concerning change that has occurred with children and adolescents' weight is that in 2003 to 2004 the results were based on overweight; however, the numbers reported above demonstrate a significant increase in obese children and adolescents. 80 percent of overweight and obese children and adolescents are becoming overweight and obese adults.
health care costs
Health care expenditures rose from 1.2 trillion dollars in 1999 to 3.5 trillion dollars in 2017.
wellness and health
Health- A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity—World Health Organization, 1947. Holistic health- Focuses on the whole person and encompasses the intellectual and spiritual dimensions of health in addition to the physical, mental, and social dimensions. Wellness- State of optimal health and well-being in which an individual's physical, emotional, social, mental, spiritual, and environmental aspects of health are in balance.
fitness and physical activity of adults
How many adults are physically active on a regular basis? What can be done to increase the number of adults who incorporate physical activity into their lifestyle?
implications of changing demographics
Important for professionals to reflect on their view of cultural diversity- Culture influences an individual's health, beliefs, behaviors, activities, access to care, adherence to programs, and treatment outcomes. DeSensi defines cultural diversity as the- "Differences associated with gender, race, national origin, ethnicity, social class, religion, age, and ability/disability, but it can also be extended to include differences in personality, sexual orientation, veteran status, physical appearance, marital status, and parental status."
current trends
Life expectancy has plateaued over recent years, and current generations are predicted to not live as long as their parents. Getting individuals physically active and educated on appropriate health behaviors can prevent hypokinetic diseases and a decrease in life expectancy. The U.S. educational system will continue to become more diverse, and white students will make up less than 50 percent of the school population. Technology offers benefits and barriers to our health. One barrier is that children choose to be on their computers instead of being physically active. More videogames like Pokémon Go need to be developed to keep children entertained while simultaneously getting them moving.
wellness aspects
Mental- Characterized by sound decision making skills, intellectual growth, and high self-esteem. Spiritual- Reflects a sense of purpose in life and living in accordance with one's beliefs and values. Environmental- Encompasses where an individual lives and works. Includes amount of noise, level of pollution, availability of safe places to walk, and type of housing.
implications of the fitness and physical activity movement
Need to expand public sector opportunities and make them available to people of all socioeconomic classes. Culturally competent professionals are needed to design and implement programs that are sensitive to the needs and values of different population groups, such as racial and ethnic minorities, females, and the aged.
key messages
People of all ages can benefit from physical activity. People can improve their health by engaging in a moderate amount of physical activity on a regular basis. Greater health benefits can be achieved by increasing the amount of physical activity, through changing the duration,frequency, or intensity of effort.
wellness aspects
Physical- How one's body functions, freedom from disease, being active on a regular basis, following sound nutritional practices, maintaining a healthy body weight, and getting sufficient sleep. Emotional- Enhances well-being through acceptance of one's feelings, appropriately expressing a wide range of emotions, and effectively managing stress. Social- Emphasizes the development of interpersonal skills and healthy, fulfilling relationships as well as contributing to the welfare of others and one's community.
social justice points 1 and 2
Professionals will need to develop cultural competency and engage in cultural humility when working with individuals who have different social identities and cultural backgrounds and experiences as you. Individuals with a higher socioeconomic status have the financial means to purchase a health club membership and/or fitness equipment to improve their health whereas people who cannot afford such luxuries have a more difficult time taking care of their overall wellness.
implications of the fitness and physical activity movement
Programs for at-risk youth can increase well-being, enhance self-esteem, and teach important life skills- For example, goal setting, planning, and values development. Professionals must understand the inequities, the strong feelings they evoke, and the strategies that can be effectively employed to change the situation.
implications of the wellness movement
School Settings- Offer worksite health promotion programs to over 5 million school employees. Use of the school as a community center during evening hours, on the weekend, and during the summer. Community- Offers more physical activity programs for older adults. Increased worksite health promotion programs for employees at all levels that include fitness, recreation activities, and health promotion programs. Continue to offer programs at commercial fitness clubs and community programs for individuals of all ages.
implications of the fitness and physical activity movement
School-based programs must teach students the skills for lifetime participation and foster an appreciation for the value of fitness and physical activity. School and community physical activity programs should be closely coordinated so that the maximum benefits are derived from participation.
the 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System
Surveyed 15,000 students to assess the presence of health risk factors- 46.5 percent of the students were physically active for 60 minutes or more a day on five or more of the past seven days. 15.4 percent of students did not participate in 60 or more minutes of physical activity on any day during the past seven days. 43 percent of students played video or computer games. 20.7 percent watched television for three or more hours a day.
obesity in adults
The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey tracks the prevalence of overweight and obese youths and adults. 39.8 percent of adults were obese in 2015 to 2016. -This number signifies a dramatic increase from the 1970s when 14.6 percent of adults were obese.
taking action
What is one issue of social justice you think needs to be addressed relative to your career path that is influenced by the health and physical activity levels of individuals in today's society?
moving toward the future
What is one trend you see today that will impact you and/or your career path in the future?
implications of the wellness movement
What role should physical education, exercise science, and sport professionals take in promoting health and achieving national public health goals?
wellness definitions: social
emphasizes developing of interpersonal skills and healthy, fulfilling relationship as well as contributing to welfare of others and one's community
wellness definitions: environmental
encompasses where an individual lives and works, including amount of noise, level of pollution, availability of safe places to walk, and type of housing
wellness definitions: emotional
enhances well-being through acceptance of one's feelings, appropriately expressing a wide range of emotions and effectively managing stress
wellness definitions: mental
is characterized by sound decision making skills, intellectual growth, and high self-esteem
wellness definitions: physical
refers to how one's body functions, freedom from disease, being active on a regular basis, following sound nutritional practices, maintaining a healthy body weight, and getting sufficient sleep
wellness definitions: spiritual
reflects a sense of purpose in life and living in accordance with one's beliefs and values
