Chapter 3 Infectious Diseases

For what types of infection are antibiotics appropriate?

Bacterial infections

Gram positive

Blue/purple stain

Whooping cough is caused by ___

Bordetella pertussis

Spirochetes

Corkscrew shaped cells/bacteria

Are all infectious diseases communicable? What is the difference between communicable and non communicable?

Communicable is passed from human to human and non communicable is not transmitted directly by humans

Chickenpox is caused by the __________ virus.

varicella

Prions are composed of protein and nucleic acid true or false

False

Rabies is a communicable disease true or false

False

Pathogens

A disease causing microorganism that grows in or on the body, damaging tissue, inducing inflammation and triggering familiar signs and symptoms associated with particular infections.

Which of the following is not an example of contact transmission?

A needle stick

Bacteria do no possess ______

A nucleus

Pathogenic Organisms include

Bacteria, viruses, Protozoa and helminths

Vibrios

Comma-shaped cells

Notifiable diseases

Certain infectious diseases that physicians must report to the centers for disease control and prevention

The cell wall of a fungus contains

Chitin

What kind of tissue is most prone to fungal infection? (Mycoses)

Damaged tissue

vertical transmission

Describes transmission from one generation to another. Ex: HIV, neonatorum (eye infection)

Horizontal transmission

Describes transmission of an infectious disease from a reservoir to a susceptible human

The most common worm infection in the United States is

Enterobius vermicularis

Antibiotics are effective against viruses true or false

False

Antibiotics are effective treatments for helminths infestations true or false

False

Chickenpox is transmitted by the parental route true or false

False

nosocomial infection

Hospital acquired. Infections acquired in a health care facility.

What are some of the reasons why some infectious disease re-emerged after having been greatly reduced in the past?

Human demographics and behavior, technology and industry, economic development and land use, international travel and commerce, microbial adaption and change, breakdown of public health measures and climate change. Human error Failing to vaccinate

Prions

Infectious agent composed only of protein, causing spongiform encephalopathies

communicable disease (contagious disease)

Infectious diseases transmitted directly by human contact. Ex: measles and influenza

What are viruses and why are viruses not considered living organisms?

Infectious particles with a core of genetic material wrapped in a protein coat (capcid). Because they do not independently grow, metabolize or reproduce.

Cell wall characteristics

May be thick, thin or absent and can be classified by reaction to Gram's stain

Mumps is caused by

Paramyxovirus

Helminths

Parasitic worms

gram negative

Pink /red stain

Single celled eukaryotic organisms are called _____

Protozoa

_____ diseases are known as diseases that have reappeared after a significant decline in incidence

Re emerging

Bacilli

Rod shaped cells/bacteria

German measles is caused by

Rubella virus

Measles is caused by the

Rubeola virus

endemic

When a disease always occurs at low levels in a population

What are the characteristics of bacteria?

Small size, no nucleus or membranous organelles and classified by cell wall shape.

Cocci

Spherica cells/bacteria

Spirilla

Spiral shaped cells/bacteria

Prevalence

The number of existing cases of a disease

Incidence

The number of new cases of a disease in a population

reservoir

The source of an infectious agent. Ex: humans, animals, insects, soil and water

What is epidemiology? Differentiate between horizontal and vertical transmission

The study of the transmission, occurrence, distribution, and control of disease. Horizontal transmission is transmission from a reservoir to a human (can be indirect or direct) and vertical transmission goes through generations.

Standard Precautions

The use of techniques to minimize the risk of being exposed to pathogenic organisms. Ex: use of glove, controlled disposal of needed, bloody materials

epidemic

When a disease occurs in unusually large numbers over a specific area

outbreak

When a disease suddenly occurs in unexpected in a limited area and then subsides

Pandemic

When an epidemic has spread to include several areas worldwide

How does antibiotic resistance occur?

When bacteria adapt to antibiotics and the adaption becomes common in the bacterial population, rendering the antibiotics ineffective.

What are infectious diseases?

They are contagious and are caused by a pathogenic (disease-producing) organisms.

Why is it important to use antibiotics appropriately?

To avoid antibiotic resistance and decrease the incidence of bacterial infections

Ascariasis is the most common type of roundworm infections in humans true or false

True

Infectious diseases are not a major cause of death and disability in the world today

True

More than 90% of deaths from infection diseases worldwide are cause by a few diseases true or false

True

The respiratory system is the most frequently used portal of entry true or false

True

_____ are single-celled prokaryotic organisms

bacteria

Bacteria reproduce by

binary fission

These protein coats contain the genetic material of a virus

capsid

The bacterial ____ lies inside a cell wall

cell membrane

A rigid ______ surrounds and protects bacterial cells

cell wall

In _____ transmission, infectious diseases can be transmitted directly from an infected human to a susceptible human

horizontal

Microorganisms in and in our bodies make up our

normal flora

______ infections are acquired in a hospital

nosocomial

________ are infectious agents composed only of protein.

prions

Isolation

separation from others; aloneness. Can be self imposed ex: a person staying home due to influenza

quarantine

separation of persons who may or may not be infected from healthy people until the period of infectious risk is passed