Chapter 3 Infectious Diseases
For what types of infection are antibiotics appropriate?
Bacterial infections
Gram positive
Blue/purple stain
Whooping cough is caused by ___
Bordetella pertussis
Spirochetes
Corkscrew shaped cells/bacteria
Are all infectious diseases communicable? What is the difference between communicable and non communicable?
Communicable is passed from human to human and non communicable is not transmitted directly by humans
Chickenpox is caused by the __________ virus.
varicella
Prions are composed of protein and nucleic acid true or false
False
Rabies is a communicable disease true or false
False
Pathogens
A disease causing microorganism that grows in or on the body, damaging tissue, inducing inflammation and triggering familiar signs and symptoms associated with particular infections.
Which of the following is not an example of contact transmission?
A needle stick
Bacteria do no possess ______
A nucleus
Pathogenic Organisms include
Bacteria, viruses, Protozoa and helminths
Vibrios
Comma-shaped cells
Notifiable diseases
Certain infectious diseases that physicians must report to the centers for disease control and prevention
The cell wall of a fungus contains
Chitin
What kind of tissue is most prone to fungal infection? (Mycoses)
Damaged tissue
vertical transmission
Describes transmission from one generation to another. Ex: HIV, neonatorum (eye infection)
Horizontal transmission
Describes transmission of an infectious disease from a reservoir to a susceptible human
The most common worm infection in the United States is
Enterobius vermicularis
Antibiotics are effective against viruses true or false
False
Antibiotics are effective treatments for helminths infestations true or false
False
Chickenpox is transmitted by the parental route true or false
False
nosocomial infection
Hospital acquired. Infections acquired in a health care facility.
What are some of the reasons why some infectious disease re-emerged after having been greatly reduced in the past?
Human demographics and behavior, technology and industry, economic development and land use, international travel and commerce, microbial adaption and change, breakdown of public health measures and climate change. Human error Failing to vaccinate
Prions
Infectious agent composed only of protein, causing spongiform encephalopathies
communicable disease (contagious disease)
Infectious diseases transmitted directly by human contact. Ex: measles and influenza
What are viruses and why are viruses not considered living organisms?
Infectious particles with a core of genetic material wrapped in a protein coat (capcid). Because they do not independently grow, metabolize or reproduce.
Cell wall characteristics
May be thick, thin or absent and can be classified by reaction to Gram's stain
Mumps is caused by
Paramyxovirus
Helminths
Parasitic worms
gram negative
Pink /red stain
Single celled eukaryotic organisms are called _____
Protozoa
_____ diseases are known as diseases that have reappeared after a significant decline in incidence
Re emerging
Bacilli
Rod shaped cells/bacteria
German measles is caused by
Rubella virus
Measles is caused by the
Rubeola virus
endemic
When a disease always occurs at low levels in a population
What are the characteristics of bacteria?
Small size, no nucleus or membranous organelles and classified by cell wall shape.
Cocci
Spherica cells/bacteria
Spirilla
Spiral shaped cells/bacteria
Prevalence
The number of existing cases of a disease
Incidence
The number of new cases of a disease in a population
reservoir
The source of an infectious agent. Ex: humans, animals, insects, soil and water
What is epidemiology? Differentiate between horizontal and vertical transmission
The study of the transmission, occurrence, distribution, and control of disease. Horizontal transmission is transmission from a reservoir to a human (can be indirect or direct) and vertical transmission goes through generations.
Standard Precautions
The use of techniques to minimize the risk of being exposed to pathogenic organisms. Ex: use of glove, controlled disposal of needed, bloody materials
epidemic
When a disease occurs in unusually large numbers over a specific area
outbreak
When a disease suddenly occurs in unexpected in a limited area and then subsides
Pandemic
When an epidemic has spread to include several areas worldwide
How does antibiotic resistance occur?
When bacteria adapt to antibiotics and the adaption becomes common in the bacterial population, rendering the antibiotics ineffective.
What are infectious diseases?
They are contagious and are caused by a pathogenic (disease-producing) organisms.
Why is it important to use antibiotics appropriately?
To avoid antibiotic resistance and decrease the incidence of bacterial infections
Ascariasis is the most common type of roundworm infections in humans true or false
True
Infectious diseases are not a major cause of death and disability in the world today
True
More than 90% of deaths from infection diseases worldwide are cause by a few diseases true or false
True
The respiratory system is the most frequently used portal of entry true or false
True
_____ are single-celled prokaryotic organisms
bacteria
Bacteria reproduce by
binary fission
These protein coats contain the genetic material of a virus
capsid
The bacterial ____ lies inside a cell wall
cell membrane
A rigid ______ surrounds and protects bacterial cells
cell wall
In _____ transmission, infectious diseases can be transmitted directly from an infected human to a susceptible human
horizontal
Microorganisms in and in our bodies make up our
normal flora
______ infections are acquired in a hospital
nosocomial
________ are infectious agents composed only of protein.
prions
Isolation
separation from others; aloneness. Can be self imposed ex: a person staying home due to influenza
quarantine
separation of persons who may or may not be infected from healthy people until the period of infectious risk is passed