Chapter 3 Learning Curves 3A, Learning Curves 4D, Learning Curves Chapter 4c, Learning Curves 4b, Chapter 4a Learning Curves, Chapter 3 Learning Curves 3C, Chapter 3 Learning Curves 3B

The minimal intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus in 50% of the trials is referred to as a(n):

Absolute Threshold

parasympathetic nervous system

Activates digestion

Which situation is MOST likely to involve the action of the parasympathetic nervous system?

After a satisfying evening meal, Callum relaxes in front of the television.

Thomas is studying the heritability of bipolar disorder and is hoping to find out which genes are involved in this disorder. Which statement explains why Thomas will not find his answer by looking at heritability?

Heritability is an abstract concept.

Denise wears an extremely bright safety-yellow sweatshirt when she cycles to the gym after dark. The sweatshirt's brightness reflects the _____ of the light it reflects.

High amplitude

The _____ is an area of the brain that is involved in the formation of new memories and the integration of these memories into a network of knowledge.

Hippocampus

Imagine that in a signal detection experiment, an observer responds "yes" when a tone is presented. The observer's response is called a:

Hit

The dorsal stream of visual processing is to the ventral stream of visual processing as: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

How is to what

Compare your forearm, hand, and fingers to a neuron. In such an analogy, the dendrites are your:

fingers

Change blindness demonstrates the importance of _____ in visual perception.

focused attention

Javier is watching snowflakes drift downward outside his window. Neurons in the _____ area of his brain are likely very active.

middle temporal

Vasinda can easily read signs that are distant, but words on a page appear blurred to her. Vasinda may have:

shorter-than-normal eyeballs.

The basal ganglia are a set of subcortical structures involved in:

the direction of intentional movement.

Which two portions of the central nervous system are absolutely essential to survival?

the hindbrain and the midbrain

In the inner ear, fine changes in sound pressure in the environment are translated into neural signals. This is an example of the process of:

transduction.

With respect to visual processing, the "how" pathway is to parietal lobe as the _____ pathway is to the _____ lobe.

"what"; temporal

Each cone contains one of _____ types of photopigment.

3

Maddie dislikes spinach, kale, and collard, turnip, and mustard greens; she finds them very bitter. Like 1 in _____ adults, Maddie is MOST likely a ____.

4; supertaster

Sydney deciphers a complex wiring diagram under the bright glare of her desk lamp. Sydney is mainly using her photoreceptors known as:

Cones

With respect to visual processing, the "how" pathway is to the "what" pathway as:

Dorsal

_____ have an extremely complex cerebral cortex.

Mammals

Runners sprinting short distances in a relay race and handing off a baton is an analogy representing how the neural signal jumps between the _____, or the breaks in the myelin sheath.

Nodes of Ranvier

The breaks between segments of an axon's myelin sheath are called...

Nodes of Ranvier

Psychophysicists use the term _____ to refer to all other stimuli that are potentially competing with the sensory signal.

Noise

Clarita fell off of a ladder and hit the back of her head, which caused partial blindness. She MOST likely suffered damage to her _____ lobe.

Occipital

Maria recently was in a car accident and afterward developed partial blindness. Which of her lobes was MOST likely damaged?

Occipital

Brain scans reveal that when visually impaired people learn Braille early in life, brain areas specialized for vision become active, suggesting that these areas become involved in processing touch sensations. Based this information, these visual areas take on functions normally associated with the _____ lobe.

Parietal

S-cone is to blue as L-cone is to _____.

Red

Humans perceive the longest visible wavelengths as the color _____, and the shortest visible waves as _____.

Red:blue

The _____ period refers to the time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated.

Refractory

A battery that is NOT connected to anything is a good analogy for the _____ of a neuron.

Resting potential

The simple stimulation of a sense organ is called:

Sensation

Javier was a professional football player for 12 years. During his career, he experienced several concussions which caused severe headaches near the end of his career. Javier has been retired for 10 years and is experiencing memory and comprehension problems, excruciating migraines, and bouts of depression. Javier is MOST likely to be diagnosed with:

chronic traumatic encephalopathy.

As you watch a dog play in the park, light reflected from the dog's fur first passes through three structures of your eye. In what order does the light pass through these structures?

cornea, pupil, lens

According to the feature integration theory, people do NOT need focused attention to detect individual features of an object, but they do need it to:

create a cohesive whole perception of the object.

Increasing the electric signal beyond the threshold that initiates the action potential:

does not increase the strength of the action potential.

With respect to visual processing, the "how" pathway is to the "what" pathway as:

dorsal is to ventral.

The _____ of a sound wave is usually measured in units called hertz.

frequency

The olfactory bulb contains a(n) _____ for each type of olfactory receptor neuron.

glomerulus

The dorsal stream of visual processing is to the ventral stream of visual processing as:

how is to what

If Bill is walking down the street by himself at night and thinks he hears footsteps behind him, he is NOT likely to experience:

increased hunger.

Franklin has problems with his balance. His problems are probably caused by difficulties with his:

inner ear.

According to feature- _____ theory, illusory conjunctions reflect a failure of attention.

integration

According to feature-_____ theory, illusory conjunctions reflect a failure of attention.

integration

The amplitude of a sound wave corresponds to the human perception of:

loudness.

When Michael plays basketball, his _____ are responsible for his ability to dribble the ball and run down the court.

motor neurons

Arden's heart rate and respiration are slowing, and her digestion is facilitated. Her _____ nervous system has become active.

parasympathetic

After being startled awake in the middle of the night, it turns out that the noise Sahil heard was the closet rod breaking from the weight of his winter coats. Knowing that, Sahil begins to calm down, and his heart stops racing. Clearly Sahil's _____ system has been activated.

parasympathetic nervous

Touch information is relayed from the thalamus to somatosensory cortex in the _____ lobe.

parietal

An area of the brain called the fusiform gyrus shows activation when a person

sees an image of a face.

In an amusement park ride, the cars spin rapidly while accelerating along a track. A person's head movements during this ride are detected by hair cells in the:

semicircular canals.

Sean organizes his canned products in the pantry by types of vegetables and fruits. This organization exemplifies the Gestalt principle of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

similarity.

A pure tone corresponds to a _____ sound wave.

simple

When Nick reaches for his fork to take a bite of his pasta, he can consciously do so because he is using his _____ nervous system.

somatic

Hockey players who are playing in an important game sometimes get injured but continue to play without taking pain medication. This is MOST likely made possible by:

the release of endorphins.

The sensory receptors that signal information about changes in skin temperature are called _____.

thermoreceptors

For the sense of taste, _____ occurs at the papillae.

transduction

Joanna hears the local fire department's 12 o'clock whistle. The process by which her ears convert the sound waves from the siren into neural impulses is an example of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

transduction.

A person could survive with only the hindbrain and the midbrain because these portions of the brain are involved in:

vital functions and orientation.

The objective techniques of psychophysics replaced the method of _____, used by the structuralists to study people's perceptual experiences.

Introspection

fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) scans have confirmed a hypothesis that followed Phineas Gage's accident, that the frontal lobe is important for:

Emotional regulation

Which neurotransmitter's function is correctly described?

Endorphins- dulls pain and elevates mood

Elizabeth is studying narcissism in families and finds that this trait has a heritability index of 0.20. This means that:

Environment makes a bigger contribution than do genes for this trait.

On one trial in a signal detection experiment, an observer responds "yes," even though no tone is presented. The observer's response is called a(n) _____.

False Alarm

Michelle turned her head to look directly at an unusual butterfly that her friend spotted in the garden. In doing so, Michelle ensures that the insect's image falls on her _____, which gives her the best visual acuity.

Fovea

The term _____ perception denotes the knowledge of the world that is derived from sensory receptors in skin, muscles, tendons, and joints, and usually involves active exploration.

Haptic

The forebrain

Has evolved to mold to the new complexities

Missy became a quadriplegic after a spinal cord injury she suffered in a car accident. Based on the extent of her lost abilities, it is MOST likely that the injury occurred _____ her spinal cord.

Higher on

You wake up early in the morning and your room is fairly dark. You look over and see your shirt hanging on a hook. You know it's your red shirt because you hung it up there before you went to bed, but in the dark you can't see its color. It looks dark gray to you. Why is that?

In the dim light, the cones in your eyes are ineffectual.

When Carlos plays baseball, his _____ are responsible for his ability to throw the ball and run the bases

Motor neurons

The tegmentum is the portion of the midbrain responsible for:

Movement & arousal

Michelle has a very outgoing personality and claims that she inherited this trait from her mother. Michelle's opinion is consistent with the view of behavior that emphasizes:

Nature

Temika has been prescribed glasses so that images are no longer focused in front of the retina. Temika is myopic, or _____.

Nearsighted

Byung-hun is a cognitive scientist who formulates complex mathematical models of memory processes. The components of his brain that process information used in formulating these models are his:

Neurons

If a neuron receives stimulation but this stimulation is just under the threshold for the neuron:

No action potential will occur

Lori can recognize her friend, even though her friend has changed her hair color. This reflects the principle of:

Perceptual constancy

_____ is NOT among the monocular cues to depth.

Perceptual contrast

_____ syndrome refers to a phenomenon in which patients with amputations continue to experience sensations where the missing body part would be.

Phantom limb

Decibel is to loudness as hertz is to:

Pitch

Areas of the cortex will sometimes take over adjacent areas. The ability of the brain to change in this way is called _____. .

Plasticity

The _____ serves as a bridge from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain.

Pons

Which statement BEST expresses the relationship between the retina and the fovea?

The fovea is part of the retina

_____ refers to the seeming motion of a stationary object that occurs after prolonged exposure to a moving object.

The waterfall illusion

Visual-form agnosia is most associated with impaired functioning in the:

Ventral stream of visual processing

According to _____, for each type of sensory judgment humans can make, the measured difference threshold is a constant fraction of the standard stimulus value used to measure it.

Weber's law

Some neuroscientists have recommended that the _____ visual pathway be renamed the "how" pathway.

Where

Based on what researchers learned from Phineas Gage's accident, a person with general damage to the frontal lobe would MOST likely develop:

a dramatic change in personality.

A person can detect a single drop of perfume diffused in an area the size of a one-bedroom apartment in half of a set of trials. This is a(n) _____ threshold.

absolute

Abbie is nearsighted. Her vision defect reflects an error in _________, the process by which the __________ changes shape to focus an image on the retina.

accommodation of the lens

The action potential is referred to as an all-or-none event because:

action potentials do not vary in strength; they either occur or do not occur.

According to gate-control theory, a back massage would most likely reduce physical aches and pains by causing the:

activation of specific neural fibers in the spinal cord.

Mike broke his foot while playing in an important football game but continued to play without taking pain medication. This is MOST likely made possible because of:

activation of the PAG.

Micha lives next to a sewage treatment plant. Visitors notice the odor immediately whenever they visit, but Micha does not notice the smell. Micha is demonstrating sensory:

adaptation.

Heidi is explaining the endocrine system to her brother. She states that the _____ are involved in responses to stress.

adrenal glands

Which drug is correctly described as an agonist or antagonist for a particular neurotransmitter?

amphetamine - dopamine agonist

Jayden is frightened of spiders. While in his basement, he sees a small spider, becomes terrified, and runs upstairs. An area of the forebrain called the _____ is responsible for Jayden's feeling of fear.

amygdala

Olfaction is closely linked to brain areas related to emotion. In the limbic system, one such area is the:

amygdala.

Someone with damage to the temporal lobe would be MOST likely to display:

an inability to form a sentence.

Area V1 contains neurons responding to specific:

edge orientations.

In vision, the amplitude of a light wave relates to a person's perception of the brightness of a stimulus. To which perceptual dimension might the amplitude of a sound wave correspond in hearing?

loudness

A police officer was fatally wounded. He was shot in the head and immediately stopped breathing. It is MOST likely the bullet pierced his:

medulla.

Which drug both increases the action of neurotransmitters and blocks neurotransmitters, sometimes resulting in the alteration of perceived visual images?

methamphetamine

The tips of the taste receptor cells are called _____.

microvilli

Sound-wave vibrations are transmitted by three tiny bones located in the:

middle ear.

Research supports the idea that different regions of the ventral stream respond preferentially to different kinds of objects, such as faces, bodies, scenes, and tools. This idea is at the heart of the _____ view of object recognition.

modular

The tegmentum is the portion of the midbrain responsible for:

movement and arousal.

Sherry is nearsighted; that is, she suffers from _____.

myopia

Kessa has been prescribed glasses so that images are no longer focused in front of the retina. Kessa is:

myopic, or nearsighted.

With respect to its origins, color deficiency reflects:

nature, overwhelmingly

Which list contains an item that does NOT belong with the others?

nearsightedness; hyperopia; long eyeballs

Jay doesn't find unsweetened coffee bitter at all. Jay may be BEST described as:

nontaster.

Which neurotransmitter's function is NOT correctly described?

norepinephrine - dulls pain and elevates mood

Beta-blockers are antagonists that block the effects of the neurotransmitter:

norepinephrine.

Bart was struck by a 2 × 4 on the back of his head. He is having severe difficulties with his vision because the injury he sustained was to his _____ lobe.

occipital

Relative to the location of the stimulation, tactile information is processed on the _____ side of the brain; that is, it is processed _____.

opposite; contralaterally

The primary function of the midbrain is:

orienting a person toward or away from threatening stimuli.

Despite fluctuations in sensory signals, human perceptions remain fairly consistent. This reflects the principle of _____.

perceptual constancy

The human ability to recognize an object without being deceived by changing sensory impressions of that object BEST illustrates the importance of:

perceptual constancy.

Which choice CORRECTLY orders branches of the nervous system from the broadest to the most specific?

peripheral → autonomic → sympathetic

Collectively, the rods and cones are called _____.

photoreceptors

The _____ releases hormones that direct the functions of many other glands in the body.

pituitary gland

_____ refers to the ability of the cortex to adapt to change.

plasticity

Studies of concert pianists, patients with amputations, quilters, and taxi drivers have all shown examples of:

plasticity in the brain.

Which behavior is MOST likely connected to activity in the cerebral cortex?

pondering the meaning of life

When the neuron is at the resting potential, there is a high concentration of _____ ions inside the cell membrane and a high concentration of _____ ions outside the cell membrane.

potassium (K+); sodium (NA+)

David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel measured the response of individual neurons and found that neurons in the _____ are activated when a contrast between light and dark occurs.

primary visual cortex

There are billions of neurons in the human brain that...

process and communicate information

The benefit of using structural neuroimaging techniques is that they allow researchers to:

produce static pictures of the brain that help locate damaged areas.

The main purpose of the nervous system is to:

provide a large network of interacting nerve fibers passing information throughout the body.

Methods that measure the strength of a stimulus and the observer's sensitivity to that stimulus are collectively called _____.

psychophysics

Damage to the spinal cord influences the ability of the brain to:

receive information from the senses and direct movement.

Jeff is experiencing the extreme discomfort of an infected cyst under his right arm. The ongoing pain he experiences in his right chest as a result is an example of:

referred pain.

_____ refers to the time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated.

refractory period

The area of the hindbrain called the pons:

relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

When a signal is sent through a neuron, the phases of the neuron go in this order:

resting, transmission, and recovery.

Juanita notices a flicker of motion out of the corner of her eye as she hurries down a dim alley late at night. Kirsten deciphers a complex wiring diagram under the bright glare of her desk lamp. Juanita's vision is driven mainly by her _____, while Kirsten is mainly using her _____.

rods; cones

If the axon of a neuron can be compared with a telephone line, then the myelin sheath can be compared with the:

rubber coating around the wires.

Sofia is reading her psychology text. The stimulation of receptors in her retina is called:

sensation

Detection is to interpretation as ____ is to ____

sensation, perception

Four-month-old Jenny is being fitted for a cochlear implant. It is likely that Jenny has _____ hearing loss.

sensorineural

Barbara stubbed her toe last night. It hurts and all day today she has been aware of her toe. She says, "This is so weird. I usually don't think about my toe." Barbara is describing:

sensory adaptation

If you move your watchband up your wrist an inch or so, you will feel it for only a few moments. This best illustrates

sensory adaptation

After listening to her high-volume car stereo for 15 minutes, Marcy fails to realize that the music is too loud. This BEST illustrates:

sensory adaptation.

The minute Beth walks into her mother-in-law's house to visit, she is struck by the strong smell of her perfume. However, after about 10 minutes, Beth no longer notices the smell. This is probably the result of:

sensory adaptation.

While playing golf, James forgets that his sunglasses are on top of his head. As the day goes on, he forgets that he placed them there. This demonstrates the process of:

sensory adaptation.

Devon avoids certain types of lettuce because she thinks they are too bitter. Devon may be a:

supertaster.

Methamphetamine acts both as an agonist and antagonist, and its effects on dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine influence:

systems that help people perceive visual images

Which structure is matched with the correct area of the brain?

tegmentum - midbrain

Taylor recently was in a car accident and afterward developed an inability to comprehend language. She MOST likely suffered damage to the left _____ lobe.

temporal

Gary was in a car accident and afterward developed prosopagnosia, or an inability to recognize faces. Based on this problem, he MOST likely suffered damage to his:

temporal lobe.

Ken and Kendra are fraternal twins. Lara and Lonnie are nontwin siblings. Ken and Kendra share _____ of their genes. Lara and Lonnie share _____ of their genes.

50%; 50%

______ has/have been related to low levels of norepinephrine.

Mood disorders

Mark has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. His psychiatrist suspects that his condition is caused by an excessive amount of dopamine in various regions of the brain. He prescribes an antipsychotic drug that will reduce Mark's symptoms by reducing the amount of dopamine in his brain. This drug is MOST likely a(n) _____ for dopamine.

Antagonist

Amphetamine causes euphoria and a burst of energy because it acts as a(n) _____ to norepinephrine and dopamine, which are important for positive mood and arousal.

Agonist

Cheryl is suffering from depression. Her doctor may give her an SSRI, which is a serotonin _____ that works to increase levels of this neurotransmitter in the synapse.

Agonist

Brent is taking part in an experiment in a cognitive neuroscience lab. Silently, he reads rapid sequences of words flashed on a computer screen. The electrical activity of his brain is simultaneously recorded through skull electrodes. The technique used in this study is:

An electroencephalograph (EEG).

Marcie has a rare neurological disease in which her neurons can receive new information and process it, but some of them just cannot pass the information along. This disease MOST likely affects the _____ of the neuron.

Axon

Which alternative arranges colors in order of wavelength, from the shortest to the longest?

Blue,green,red

Neurons do NOT

Collect sensory input from the environment

Visual acuity refers to the ability to see fine details, so reflects the operation of photoreceptors called:

Cones

Which receptor cells MOST directly enable humans to distinguish different wavelengths of light?

Cones

The primary function of the hindbrain is to:

Control the most basic functions of life

Sandy has volunteered to participate in a study conducted by the Human Connectome Project. She was told that the procedure in which she will participate will help scientists provide information about pathways that connect brain areas to one another and that it is a critical tool in mapping the connectivity of the human brain. The procedure that Sandy will experience is:

DTI (diffusion tensor imaging).

Carl Wernicke's patient, who had damage to an area in the upper temporal lobe, had a deficit in _____ comprehension but not in the ability to produce speech.

Language

Cones are _____light sensitive and _____ color-sensitive than are rods.

Less;more

In an introductory drawing class, Amber's instructor suggests that an illusion of depth may be created in a two-dimensional picture by including parallel lines that converge at a vanishing point. Amber's instructor is referring to a monocular depth cue known as:

Linear perspective

The _____ is the area of the brain that deals with orienting a person toward or away from pleasurable or threatening stimuli.

Midbrain

Thalia watches Dynus reach for and place popcorn in his mouth. In response to his behavior, Thalia MOST likely experiences activation of her:

Mirror neurons

The _____ is the difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a neuron's membrane

Resting potential

Which statement is TRUE regarding the definition of an information-processing activity?

Sensation is the registration of stimulus energy by the sense organs

According to the text, which mechanism is MOST likely responsible for color afterimages?

Sensory adaptation

Rochelle is blind and often relies upon her sense of touch to gather information about the external world. When she touches someone's face to learn what she looks like, her _____ send the information to her brain. .

Sensory neurons

If a neuron was compared with a prison, the _____ could be compared with the prisoners when the neuron is at the resting potential.

Sodium ions

Donald is walking in his backyard, feels something sharp on the bottom of his foot, and immediately lifts his weight off his foot to remove it from the ground. Donald's lifting weight off his foot to remove the pain is caused by his:

Spinal reflexes

Bees can see ultraviolet light but cannot see the color red. This means that bees are NOT able to see:

long wavelengths.

The benefit of using _____ brain imaging techniques is that they allow researchers to produce static pictures of the brain that help locate damaged areas.

Structural

Yael floats a note across a river to Faye instead of directly passing it from her hand to Faye's hand. If this scenario is compared with communication between neurons, the river represents the:

Synapse

The _____ is an area of the midbrain that orients an organism in the environment.

Tectum

Which structure is in the midbrain rather than the hindbrain?

Tectum

A stroke or other damage in the _____ lobe can lead to deficits in hearing and language.

Temporal

The primary functions of the central nervous system do NOT include:

carrying information to vessels and glands.

Epigenetic marks are:

chemical modifications to DNA that can turn genes on or off.

Robert was a professional hockey player for 12 years. During his career, he experienced several concussions which caused severe headaches near the end of his career. Robert has been retired for 10 years and is experiencing memory and comprehension problems, excruciating migraines, and bouts of depression. Robert is MOST likely to be diagnosed with

chronic traumatic encephalopathy.

While driving his car, Matt sees a partially covered billboard for MacDonald's. Matt completes the gaps in his vision of the billboard and is able to identify that the billboard is for MacDonald's. This example illustrates the Gestalt principle of:

closure.

Making an analogy between hearing and vision, the auditory hair cells in the _____ are similar to the _____ in the retina.

cochlea; rods and cones

Color afterimage is to the waterfall illusion as _____ is to _____.

color; motion

According to the Gestalt principle of _____, elements moving in the same direction tend to be grouped together.

common fate

The monocular cues to depth do NOT include:

common fate.

Jamie went to the doctor because she has been having blurred vision that seems unrelated to the function of her eyes. While at the hospital, they decided they should scan her brain to make sure she has no tumors in the occipital lobe. A couple of nurses take her to a room with an X-ray machine and begin to take images. The nurses are using _____ to examine Jamie's brain.

computerized axial tomography (CT)

The opposite of perceptual constancy is perceptual:

contrast.

Which set contains items that ALL belong together?

decibel, loudness, amplitude

What would NOT be a reason that fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) is preferred over PET (positron emission tomography)?

fMRI is a more accurate way to localize activity.

Joanne and Margie are investigating single neurons in the primary visual cortex of cats and have found a neuron that responds only to a circular shape. They have identified a(n):

feature detector neuron

According to the _____ theory, a person needs focused attention to create cohesive perceptions of objects. Please type the correct answer in the following input field, and then select the submit answer button or press the enter key when finished.

feature integration

Through the case study of Phineas Gage, researchers found that the:

frontal lobe is involved in planning, decision making, and emotion regulation.

Chan is participating in research in which his brain activity will be observed while he listens to various types of music. Before Chan comes to the laboratory, the researchers tell him he should not wear any metal and should leave his credit cards at home because the brain imaging machine uses a very large magnet. The method of brain scanning Chan will undergo is called:

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

The optic nerve is composed of axons of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

ganglion cells.

Hason is studying empathy and finds that this has a heritability index of 0.50. This means that:

genes and environment make equal contributions to empathy

The axons of the olfactory receptor neurons converge at sites called _____ in the olfactory bulb.

glomeruli

Salt is to sodium chloride as umami is to:

glutamate.

Michael Meaney's research with rats on the effect of having an affectionate mother (high-LG) versus a cold, unresponsive mother (low-LG) found that those adults who had low-LG mothers:

had decreased serotonin in the hippocampus, which reduced the stress response.

Hayden likes the way his new running shoes feel on his feet. The type of perception he is experiencing is referred to as:

haptic.

The sense of _____ involves transforming changes in air pressure.

hearing

Feature detectors are:

highly specialized neurons in the visual cortex that respond to particular types of visual stimuli.

parallel processing

is the brain's capacity to perform many activities at the same time.

In a vision science laboratory, a monkey is viewing simple visual stimuli on a screen while an electrode records activity from a cell in area V1 of the monkey's brain. On one trial, the cell begins responding actively. The monkey is probably viewing a:

line in a specific orientation.

Dorothy is off to see the Wizard of Oz. She perceives that the Yellow Brick Road converges to a point way off on in the distance because of the depth cue of:

linear perspective

Dr. Herbert is conducting an experiment. On each trial, participants first view an adapting stimulus consisting of horizontal black stripes on a black background. The stripes either remain stationary or move downward. Participants then view a similar test stimulus: The stripes are either stationary, moving downward, or moving upward. Participants are asked to report whether the stripes are moving. When participants respond that the stripes are moving, they are additionally asked to report the direction of motion. Dr. Herbert is MOST likely studying:

the waterfall illusion.

Dr. Marco finds that women can better distinguish among pleasant odors than men. Dr. Marco argues that women have more experience with pleasant odors such as those of foods, flowers, and fragrances. This explanation emphasizes the role of _____ influences on perception.

top-down

Sioban turns around because she feels a hand on her shoulder. The process in which the receptors in the skin turn the stimulation into a neural impulse is called:

transduction

Which list contains items that ALL belong together?

wavelength, hue, pitch