chapter 3

Which of the following is NOT a hindbrain structure?

Amygdala

What do the structures of the hindbrain do?

Regulate breathing, heart rate, arousal, and other functions necessary for survival.

Which of the following brain structures is NOT in the forebrain?

Reticular formation

Recent research (Courtiol & Wilson, 2016) on the thalamus suggest that it may play a role in which of the following?

attention decision-making

The hindbrain structure involved in body movement, balance, coordination, fine-tuning motor skills, and cognition is the ____.

cerebellum

The thin outer layer of the cerebrum, in which much of human thought, planning, perception, and consciousness takes place is called the

cerebral cortex

The ____ is each of the large halves of the brain that are covered with convolutions, or folds.

cerebrum

____ are coiled-up threads of DNA.

chromosome

The ____ is the tiny gap between the axon terminal and the next neuron.

synaptic cleft, synapse, or synaptic gap

The little knob at the end of the axon that contains tiny sacs of neurotransmitters is called the

terminal button

____ is a special technique that extracts electrical activity from raw EEG data to measure cognitive processes.

Event-related potential

____ potential is a special technique that extracts electrical activity from raw EEG data to measure cognitive processes.

Event-related, Event related, or ERP

True or false: The forebrain structures regulate breathing, heart rate, arousal and other basic functions of survival.

False

True or false: The role of the endocrine system is to control actions and automatic processes of the body.

False

True or false: neural transmission can travel in both directions within a neuron.

False

List in order the major regions of the brain from earliest (first) to develop to newest (last).

Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain

Which of the following is NOT an example of the studies that provided evidence of neurogenesis?

MRI studies that show new cell growth.

The brain imaging technique that uses magnetic fields to produce very finely detailed images of the structure (but not the activity) of the brain.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

What does the all-or-none principle indicate?

Neurons are either on or off; there are no intermediate states.

Which of the following IS a hindbrain structure?

Pons

The ____ is the cell body of the neuron.

Soma

Which of the following structures is in the forebrain?

Thalamus

Which region of the brain is considered the most plastic (ability to change and adapt)?

The hippocampus

Mesoscale selective plane-illumination microscopes slice a brain specimen with light rather than a knife.

True

True or false: Scientists can learn much about how the human brain evolved by looking at the skulls of earlier men.

True

The neurotransmitter that controls muscle movement and plays a role in mental processes such as learning, memory, attention, sleeping, and dreaming is

acetylcholine

Neurons fire because of the electrical impulse called a(n)

action potential

Neurons fire because of electrical impulses called

action potentials.

Which of the following are traditionally considered part of the limbic system?

amygdala cingulate gyrus basal ganglia

A deficit in the ability to speak or comprehend language is called

aphasia

____ genetics is the field of study that examines the role of heredity and behavior.

behavioral

When psychologists try to understand how heredity affects behavior, they may turn to the field of Multiple choice question. experimental genetics. behavioral genetics. genetic mutation. phenotypic expression.

behavioral genetics.

Scientific evidence of neurogenesis was first identified in _____ and rats.

birds

Scientists can learn about how humans evolved not by their brains but

by the shape of their skulls.

Mesoscale selective plane-illumination microscopes (mesoSPIMS) is groundbreaking because it

can image individual neurons.

The soma is also called

cell body

Which of the following are major parts of a neuron?

cell body axon dendrites

The nervous system is divided into which 2 main parts?

central peripheral

The nervous system is divided into 2 main parts called the ____ nervous system and the ____ nervous system.

central, peripheral

The ____ is a hindbrain structure involved in body movement, balance, coordination, fine-tuning motor skills, and cognitive activities such as learning and language.

cerebellum

The _____ is a hindbrain structure involved in body movement, balance, coordination, fine-tuning motor skills, and cognitive activities such as learning and language.

cerebellum

The hindbrain structure important for practiced movement is the

cerebellum

The cerebrum is

divided into two large hemispheres. folded into convolutions.

The ____ system is the bodily system of glands that secrete and regulate hormones.

endocrine

Based on evolutionary data, the ____ was the newest region of the brain to develop.

forebrain

Which is the correct order of neural transmission in the neuron?

from the dendrites to the soma to the axon to the synapses

Neurons are responsible for

generating information. integrating information. receiving information.

The cells of the central nervous system that provide structural support, promote efficient communication between neurons, and clean up cellular debris are called ____ cells.

glial

The ____ cells are the cells of the central nervous system that provide structural support, promote efficient communication between neurons, and serve as scavengers, removing cellular debris.

glial or glia

The first major brain area to evolve was the ___.

hindbrain

The endocrine system is the bodily system of glands that secrete and regulate

hormones or hormone

Chemicals, secreted by glands, that travel in the bloodstream and carry messages to tissues and organs all over the body are called

hormones.

The cerebral cortex

is about one-tenth to one-fifth of an inch thick. is responsible for human thought, planning, and consciousness.

The idea that once the threshold has been crossed, an action potential either fires or it does not (no "halfway")

is known as the all-or-none principle.

The reticular formation

is located in both the hindbrain and midbrain. is involved in falling asleep and waking up.

The cerebellum

is responsible for body movement and balance. means "little brain". is located in the hindbrain.

Through updated research, neurons in fact do show signs of regrowth and development over time. The key conclusion drawn

is when we learn anything and exercise our brains, neurons are changed.

The _____ system includes the amygdala and hippocampus, and has been linked to emotion and motivation.

limbic

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

makes uses of magnetic fields. is a brain imaging technique. produces detailed images of the structure of the brain.

The ____ is a hindbrain structure that extends directly from the spinal cord; regulates breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.

medulla

The human ______ system, which is divided into two main parts, the central and the peripheral systems, controls all actions and automatic processes of the body.

nervous

A cell body, dendrites, and an axon comprise a(n) ____.

neuron

Because of the _____ doctrine, researchers until the 1990s incorrectly believed that, once a region of the brain was damaged, its function was lost forever.

neuron

______ are cells that process and transmit information in the nervous system.

neuron

Ramon y Cajal proposed the neuron doctrine, which (incorrectly) stated that

neurons do not regenerate.

The brain's ability to adopt new functions, reorganize itself, or make new neural connections as a function of experience is called ____.

neuroplasticity

______ are chemicals that transmit information between neurons.

neurotransmitters

Neurons in both young and old brains are change, grow, and die depending on _____.

outside stimulation they receive

The _____ is a hindbrain structure that serves as a bridge between lower brain regions and higher midbrain and forebrain activity.

pons

Inborn and involuntary behavior, such as coughing, swallowing, sneezing, or vomiting, that are elicited by very specific stimuli are called

reflexes

The ____ potential is the difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the axon when the neuron is at rest.

resting

The ____ is the difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the axon when the neuron is at rest.

resting potential

The ____ is a network of nerve fibers that runs up through both the hindbrain and the midbrain. It is crucial to waking up and falling asleep.

reticular formation

The two brain hemispheres look similar, but they differ in

size. shape. function.

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that

slows ANS activity. plays a role in sleeping and dreaming.

Which of the following senses is unique to the thalamus because it has direct connections to the memory and emotional processing areas of the brain in the limbic system?

smell

Aphasia is a deficit in the ability to

speak or understand language.

The _____ is a forebrain structure that receives inputs from the ears, eyes, skin, or taste buds and relays sensory information to the part of the cerebral cortex most involved in processing that specific kind of sensory information.

thalamus

The synapse is

the junction between an axon and the adjacent neuron.

The human brain is divided into ____ equal hemispheres.

two

Which of the following are examples of reflexes?

vomiting coughing