Chapter 3 (Mastering Geology)

Gold has a specific gravity of almost 20. A 5-gallon bucket of water weighs 40 pounds. How much would a 5-gallon bucket of gold weigh? -100 pounds -40 pounds -800 pounds -200 pounds

800 pounds

How does an atom become a positive or a negative ion? -An atom becomes a positive ion by gaining a proton; it becomes a negative ion by losing a proton. -An atom becomes a positive ion by gaining a proton; it becomes a negative ion by gaining an electron. -An atom becomes a positive ion by gaining an electron; it becomes a negative ion by losing an electron. -An atom becomes a positive ion by losing an election; it becomes a negative ion by gaining an electron. -An atom becomes a positive ion by losing a neutron; it becomes a negative ion by gaining an electron.

An atom becomes a positive ion by losing an election; it becomes a negative ion by gaining an electron.

What causes a lack of cleavage in some minerals? -Bonds of differing strength in certain directions -A small impurity in the atomic structure -Bonds of equal strength in all directions -The shape of the mineral -The chemical composition of the mineral

Bonds of equal strength in all directions

Which of the following best describes the term cleavage? -Cleavage is the characteristic growth pattern or shape of a mineral. -Cleavage is the colored mark that a mineral makes when scratched on a porcelain tile. -Cleavage describes a mineral's resistance to abrasion. -Cleavage describes the quality and amount of light reflected from a mineral surface. -Cleavage is the splitting of minerals along natural planes of weakness.

Cleavage is the splitting of minerals along natural planes of weakness.

Polymorphs are minerals that will have two identical mineral structures, but different chemical compositions.

False

What minerals make up half of Earth's crust? -Quartz and amphiboles -Amphiboles, micas, and clays -Quartz and pyroxenes -Nonsilicates -Feldspars

Feldspars

Which of the following exhibits three sets of cleavage at 90° angles? -Feldspar -Galena -Fluorite -Calcite -Mica

Galena

Why glass is not considered a mineral?

Glass has a disorderly atomic structure.

Which of the following is not one of the three primary ways minerals can form? -Crystallization of molten material -Precipitation -Hybridization -Biological Processes

Hybridization

Only eight elements make up the vast majority of rock-forming minerals. Which of the following elements is not one of the eight? -Potassium -Iron -Hydrogen -Oxygen

Hydrogen

Which of the following is a mineral?

Ice

__________ SiO4 4- tetrahedra join with __________ ions to produce the mineral olivine in the rock peridotite. -Three dimensional; Ca2+ and Na1+ -Independent; negative -Single chain; Mg2+ and Fe2+ -Independent; Mg2+ and Fe2+ -Double chain; positive

Independent; Mg2+ and Fe2+

Why will an iron-rich olivine have a higher density than a magnesium-rich olivine? -Iron has a greater atomic mass than magnesium and therefore is heavier. -Iron-rich olivine has smaller crystals, so more of them will fit into the same area. -More magnesium is needed to equal the same atomic charge as iron. -Magnesium-rich olivine has more silicon, which is less dense.

Iron has a greater atomic mass than magnesium and therefore is heavier.

Regardless of their size, most rocks are made up of __________.

Minerals

A scientist creates diamonds using high-pressure laboratory experiments. These diamonds are not considered minerals because which of the following requirements has been violated?

Minerals must occur naturally.

What are the six common nonsilicate mineral groups? -Oxides, native elements, carbonates, halides, sulfides, sulfates -Oxides, native elements, carbonates, halides, sulfides, pyroxenes -Oxides, feldspars, carbonates, halides, sulfides, sulfates -Oxides, native elements, carbonates, micas, sulfides, sulfates

Oxides, native elements, carbonates, halides, sulfides, sulfates

What are the two most abundant elements in Earth's crust? -Silicon and calcium -Silicon and aluminum -Oxygen and silicon -Iron and aluminum -Oxygen and iron

Oxygen and silicon

What accurately describes the components of an atom?

Protons, which have a positive charge, and neutrons, which have no charge, occupy the nucleus. Negatively charged electrons orbit the nucleus in shells.

Which statement correctly describes rock-forming minerals and economic minerals?

Rock-forming minerals consist of a few types of minerals that are abundant in Earth's crust, whereas economic minerals are less abundant and are used extensively in the manufacture of products.

The micas (biotite and muscovite) exhibit what type of silicate structure? -Sheet -Independent -3D -Single chain -Double chain

Sheet

Which mineral property is the least useful for identifying minerals, and why? -Streak is the least useful property for identification because it does not work for minerals with metallic lusters. -Color is the least useful property for identification, as the same mineral type can be found in several different colors due to impurities in the mineral. -Color is the least useful property for identification because it is the most obvious property. -Streak is the least useful property for identification, as the same mineral type can be found with several different colors of streak due to impurities in the mineral. -Density is the least useful property for identification because different specimens of the same type of mineral can vary in size.

Streak is the least useful property for identification, as the same mineral type can be found with several different colors of streak due to impurities in the mineral.

What is the tenacity of a mineral, and how can it be described?

Tenacity is the mineral's resistance to breaking, bending, or otherwise deforming. A mineral's tenacity can be described as brittle, elastic, malleable, or sectile.

________ states that the angles between equivalent faces of crystals of the same mineral are always the same. -The law of conservation of mass -The law of opposite interior angles -The law of superposition -The law of constancy of interfacial angles

The law of constancy of interfacial angles

What is an accurate description of the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron?

The silicon-oxygen tetrahedron is a four-sided figure with a silicon atom in the middle bonded to four neighboring oxygen atoms.

The addition of which of the following will control a mineral's color? -Pigment -Water -Biologic secretions -Trace elements

Trace elements

If the number of protons in an electrically neutral atom is 92 and its mass number is 238, what is the name of that element, its number of electrons, and number of neutrons?

Uranium, 92 electrons and 146 neutrons

What is the particular significance of valence electrons? -Valence electrons form chemical bonds between atoms by being transferred or shared. -The number of valence electrons is the atomic number for that element. -Unlike electrons in other shells, valence electrons have no charge. -Valence electrons always balance the charge produced within the nucleus. -The number of valence electrons defines the type of element.

Valence electrons form chemical bonds between atoms by being transferred or shared.

Minerals must be solid, have an orderly atomic structure, have a recognized chemical composition, be naturally occurring, and __________.

be generally inorganic in origin

Correctly complete the following sentence using the terms in the lists below: ____ is the chemical name of the mineral ____, which is secreted by most marine organisms. This makes up the rock ____.

calcium carbonate, calcite, limestone

Covalent Bond

chemical bonds created by sharing a pair of electrons between atoms.

Quartz exhibits __________. conchoidal fracture a cubic shape thin, transparent sheets that are easily separable three sets of cleavage at 90° angles four sets of cleavage at non-90° angles

conchoidal fracture

Hybrid Bond

incomplete transfer of electrons that results in atoms partially transferring and partially sharing electrons.

Ionic Bond

one atom gives up one or more valence electrons to another atom.

A mineral's streak is _________. -the common shape of an aggregate of crystals -the mineral's resistance to breaking -the color of the mineral in powdered form -the appearance of light reflected from the mineral's surface -the tendency to break along weak bonds

the color of the mineral in powdered form

What is luster? -the color of a mineral -a mineral's ability to transmit light through itself -the quality of light reflected from a mineral's surface -an indication that a mineral has double refraction -the color of a mineral in powdered form

the quality of light reflected from a mineral's surface

Hornblende has _____ cleavage planes at _____ angles. -three; non-90° -two; 90° -two; non-90° -four; non-90° -three; 90°

two; non-90°

Metallic Bond

valence electrons are free to move from one atom to another so all atoms share available valence electrons, creating an electron "sea".