Chapter 3 Microscopy and Cell Structure

The two most common examples of endospore-forming genera are ___________ and _____________.

Bacillus and Clostridium

Penicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan and lysozyme degrades peptidoglycan. Based on this information you can conclude that penicillin and lysozyme may result in bursting (lysing) of which type of cells? Bacteria Fungi Archaea Protozoa

Bacteria

The _________ stain technique allows a microbiologist to differentiate bacteria based on their cell wall composition/structure

Gram

Match the part of the lipopolysaccharide molecule with its significance: recognized by the immune system as a sign of invading Gram-negative bacteria

Lipid A

What two macromolecules make up the major components of cell membranes? Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins Waxes Carbohydrates

Lipids Proteins

Which of the following bacterial components is/are referred to as endotoxin? Cytoplasmic membrane Lipopolysaccharide Phospholipid Capsule

Lipopolysaccharide

Match the part of the lipopolysaccharide molecule with its significance: used to distinguish among different species or strains of bacteria

O antigen

__________ is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Osmosis

Which of the following are found in Gram-negative cells but not Gram-positive cells? Cytoplasmic membrane Peptidoglycan Outer Membrane Teichoic acid

Outer membrane - gram negative cells have an inner and outer membrane, while gram positive cells only have a single cell membrane

Which mechanisms of energy transformation match which types of organism? eukaryotic or prokaryotic -cytoplasmic membrane plays a critical role in transforming energy -membrane bound organelles transform energy

prokaryotic-cytoplasmic membrane plays a critical role in transforming energy eukaryotic-membrane bound organelles transform energy

Chemotaxis results in : direct movement of a bacterium towards an attractant a zig-zag pattern of movement away from a repellent direct movement of a bacterium away from a repellent a zig-zag pattern of movement towards an attractant

a zig-zag pattern of movement away from a repellent a zig-zag pattern of movement towards an attractant

Which is NOT a function of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton? maintenance of shape cellular movement protein synthesis separation of chromosomes

protein synthesis

The periplasm is filled with ______, involved in many cellular activities. -nucleic acids -carbohydrates -lipids -proteins

proteins

Transport systems use transport ________ or carriers to move molecules across the membrane

proteins

The electron transport chain of bacteria creates an electrochemical gradient across the cytoplasmic membrane. Inherent in that gradient is a form of energy called _______ ________ force, which cells use to make the energy currency called ___________.

proton motive force; ATP

The electron transport chain of bacterial cells creates proton motive force by moving -protons out of the cell -electrons into the cell -electrons out of the cell -protons into the cell

protons out of the cell

Corynebacterium diphtheria (causes the disease diphtheria) produces volutin. Based on this information you can predict that C. diphtheriae cells stained with methylene blue will contain: blue granules colorless granules reddish grannules

reddish granules

The final step of endospores formation results in: -formation of a thick peptidoglycan layer around the endospores -release of the endospore from the mother cell -division of the mother cell to produce two endospores

release of the endospore from the mother cell

Proteins are synthesized on the ___________, a small spherical structure located in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

ribosome

The cell membrane is a __________ permeable barrier of the cell

selectively

The type of pilus used to join one bacterium to another for a specific type of DNA transfer is called a sex pilus fimbriae

sex pilus

A polypeptide that will be secreted by a bacterial cell has a characteristic sequence of amino acids called a _______ sequence

signal

Molecules that pass freely through a lipid bilayer can move across the cytoplasmic membrane by __________ diffusion

simple

some bacteria are covered with a diffuse and irregular substance called a __________ __________

slime layer

A coccus is a bacterium that has a ________ shape, whereas a rod (or bacillus ) is a bacterium that has a ___________ shape. spiral; cylindrical cylindrical; spiral cylindrical; spherical spiral; spherical spherical; cylindrical spherical; spiral

spherical; cylindrical

Match the bacterial shape with the description: curved rod long enough to form spirals

spirillium

Match the bacterial shape with the description: long spiral-shaped cell with a flexible cell wall and a unique mechanism of motility

spirochete

Which process involving endospores takes longer? germination sporulation

sporulation

If a cell has a nutrient in relative excess, it accumulates that compound in a __________ granule

storage

Bacteria use gas vesicles to float to the surface of water to better access _________ as a source of energy

sunlight

Why do descriptions of cell structure often lump bacteria and archaea together? -The cells have the same general structure -Bacteria and archaea are closely related genetically -the cells components are nearly identical chemically

the cells have the same general structure

A Gram-positive cell bacterium has which of the following components in its cell wall? lipopolysaccharide porin proteins thick layer of peptidoglycan outer membrane teichoic acids

thick layer of peptidoglycan teichoic acids

Mechanisms that allow nutrients and other small molecules to enter the cell are called __________ systems

transport

Match the bacterial shape with the description: short, curved rod

vibrio

When lactose enters an E. coli cell, a proton enters at the same time. Based on this information, which mechanism does the cell use to transport lactose? -group translocation -facilitated diffusion using proton motive force -active transport using proton motive force -active transport using ATP

active transport using proton motive force

Which eukaryotic cell types lack a cell wall? fungal animal protozoan plant

animal protozoan

Pore-forming membrane proteins that specifically allow water molecules to pass through the membrane are called _______________

aquaporins

Which of the following describe the function pili that are often called fimbriae? protection prevents cell from bursting attachment to a surface motility

attachment to a surface

Which of the following are bacterial multicellular associations? cells biofilms endospores fruiting bodies

biofilms fruiting bodies

Which of the following structures is external and can protect the bacterial cell from various host immune responses? capsule flagella cell wall cell membrane

capsule

The cell wall is part of a bacterium's: nucleoid cell envelope cytoplasm

cell envelope

Penicillin is ineffective against Mycoplasma because the organism lacks a _______ ______, which is the primary target of penicillin

cell wall

Motile bacteria move toward a chemical attractant or away from a chemical repellent by a process called ___________

chemotaxis

Which of the following are groupings of cells resulting from the division process? -Cubical packets -Grape-like clusters -chains -diplococci -coccobacilli

cubical packets grape-like clusters chains diplococci

Which structure defines the boundary of a cell (separating the inside of a cell from the outside)? cell wall cytoplasmic membrane

cytoplasmic membrane

The __________ is a flexible molecular framework throughout the cytoplasm that anchors organelles and permits shape changes in some organisms

cytoskeleton

Which of the following describes the effect of lysozyme on a bacterial cell? -damages peptidoglycan that has already been synthesized -interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan

damages peptidoglycan that has already been synthesized

Some bacterial proteins function in a similar manner to a cytoskeleton in that they are involved in cell __________ and controlling cell shape.

division

Diphtheria toxin interferes with the function of the 80S ribosome. Based on this information you can predict that the substance is toxic to which cell type? prokaryotic eukaryotic

eukaryotic

Long protein structures responsible for most types of prokaryotic motility are called __________

flagella

The basal body, hook, and filament are components of ____________ in prokaryotes

flagella

If you interfered with the ability of a bacterium to produce a capsule or slime layer, the cell might no longer be able to: form biofilms undergo binary fission adhere to teeth adhere to rocks

form biofilms adhere to teeth adhere to rocks

Brief exposure to heat or certain chemicals can induce an endospore to ____________, resulting in the formation of a vegetative cell

germinate

Peptidoglycan is composed of -glycan chains connected by peptide chains -an alternating series of three major amino acid subunits

glycan chains connected by peptide chains

If you discover that the cell wall of a bacterium contains teichoic acids, then that bacterium has which type of cell wall? gram negative gram positive

gram positive

Which type of cell wall has the thickest layer of peptidoglycan? -Gram negative -Gram positive

gram positive

Based on the genus name Staphylococcus, a reasonable assumption is that the cells typically form which common grouping? -long chains -cubical packets -pairs -grape like clusters

grape like clusters

As glucose is transported into an E coli cell, a phosphate group is added to the molecule, creating glucose-6-phosphate. Based on this information which type of transport does E coli use to transport glucose? active transport group translocation facilitated diffusion

group translocation

Which transport process chemically modifies the transported molecule as it passes into the cell? facilitated diffusion group translocation active transport

group translocation

Match the terms to the solutions on opposing sides of a membrane: the more concentrated solution

hypertonic

Match the terms to the solutions on opposing sides of a membrane: The less concentrated solution

hypotonic

Match the terms to the solutions on opposing sides of a membrane: solution that is equal in concentration

isotonic

The outer membrane of a Gram-negative cell is a lipid bilayer that contains: peptidoglycan lipopolysaccharide teichoic acid

lipopolysaccharide

In active transport, the molecules are moved across the membrane from an area of ______ concentration to an area of ______ concentration: high; low low; high

low; high

To transfer material between organelles, a vesicle buds off of one organelle and then fuses with another organelle. The material in the __________ (term for interior) of the first organelle is thereby delivered to the other.

lumen

Because of their appearance when stained with methylene blue, volutin granules are often called: -endospores -gas vesicles -metachromatic granulesW

metachromatic granules

Eukaryotic cells require which cytoskeletal component to make cilia and flagella and to separate duplicated cell chromosomes during cell division? intermediate filaments actin filaments microtubules

microtubules

If you removed the outer membrane from a Gram-negative bacterium, what would be the likely effect on its susceptibility to penicillin? no change more susceptible less susceptible

more susceptible

Bacterial cells use the energy of proton motive force to: move synthesize ATP transport molecules into the cell assemble membranes

move; flagella use proton motive force to rotate synthesize ATP; ATP synthase uses proton motive force transport molecules into the cell; one type of active transport uses proton motive force

The structure of peptidoglycan can be compared to a : multilayer chain linked fence brick wall very thick cement wall

multilayer chain linked fence

Gram- ___________ cell walls have less peptidoglycan than Gram-___________ cell walls

negative; positive

The chromosome of bacterial cells is found in the __________ nucleus nucleoid

nucleoid

In a multicellular organism such as a human, groups of cells that function in cooperative associations are called tissues, and these work together to make up ______________ including skin, heart, and liver.

organs

The strength of the bacterial cell wall is due to the layer of _______________

peptidoglycan

Which of the following is a host defense that some pathogenic microorganisms avoid by producing capsules? phagocytosis formation of antibodies biofilm formation

phagocytosis

Which eukaryotic cell types have a cell wall? plant fungal animal protozoan

plant fungal

A ___________ is typically a circular DNA molecule that is smaller than the chromosome and encodes non-essential characteristics that can be advantageous to a cell in certain situations.

plasmid

Bacteria that often vary in their shape are known as ________________ bacteria

pleomorphic

A glycocalyx specifically refers to a capsule or slime layer composed of polysaccharides polypeptides lipids

polysaccharides

_________ are specialized channel forming proteins located in the outer membrane of Gram-negative cells

porins

Which of the following describes how penicillin affects peptidoglycan? -Interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan -Inhibits enzymes that make peptidoglycan -prevents cross-linking of adjacent glycan chains -degrades peptidoglycan -prevents attachment of teichoic acid molecules to peptidoglycan

-Interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan -Inhibits enzymes that make peptidoglycan -prevents cross-linking of adjacent glycan chains

Functions of proteins embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane include: -providing the cell with the ability to move towards light -catalyzing chemical reactions that are essential to the cell -providing the cell with a mechanism to monitor and adjust to its surroundings -allowing nutrients to enter and waste products to exit the cell

-catalyzing chemical reactions that are essential to the cell -providing the cell with a mechanism to monitor and adjust to its surroundings -allowing nutrients to enter and waste products to exit the cell

Bacillus and Clostridium vegetative cells are likely to begin sporulation in response to -depletion of carbon -depletion of nitrogen -excess moisture

-depletion of carbon -depletion of nitrogen

From a bacterium's perspective, what are the advantages of endospore formation? -Endospores are highly resistant to radiation and heat -The endospore provides protection in dry conditions -The endospore allows faster cell replication -The endospore provides cell shape -The endospore is more resistant to disinfectants

-endospores are highly resistant to radiation and heat -the endospore provides protection in dry conditions -the endospore is more resistant to disinfectants

If you interfere with a bacterium's ability to make a sex pilus, that bacterium will no longer be able to -cause a specific sexually-transmitted disease -join to another bacterium -use a specific mechanism to transfer its DNA

-join to another bacterium -use a specific mechanism to transfer its DNA

Match the size with the bacterial ribosomal unit(s) -larger subunit is 50S -total of two ribosomal subunits equals 80S -smaller subunit is 30S -smaller subunit is 40S -larger subunit is 60S -total of two ribosomal subunits equals 70S

-larger subunit is 50S -smaller subunit is 30S -total of two ribosomal subunits equals 70S

Regarding cell structure, the functions of the cell wall include: -preventing destruction with changes in osmotic pressure -preventing the cell from bursting -containing the components for cellular respiration -storing nutrients

-preventing destruction with changes in osmotic pressure -preventing the cell from bursting

Which of the following describes how penicillin affects peptidoglycan? -prevents cross-linking of adjacent glycan chains -interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan -prevents attachment of teichoic acid molecules to peptidoglycan -inhibits enzymes that make peptidoglycan -degrades peptidoglycan

-prevents cross-linking of adjacent glycan chains -interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan -inhibits enzymes that make peptidoglycan

Bacterial cells have __________ (number) chromosomes

1

Eukaryotic ribosomes are _______ ribosomes. 80S 70S

80S

Which of the following describes the function of the cytoplasmic membrane? -Maintain the structural strength of the cell -A barrier between the interior and exterior of a cell -Aid in motility

A barrier between the interior and exterior of a cell

True or false: Most bacteria have multiple, linear chromosomes.

False

True or false: Endospore production is a means of reproduction because there is a net increase in the number of cell formed.

False

True or false: Endospore production is a means of reproduction because there is a net increase in the number of cell formed.

False - there is no increase in the number of cells because one vegetative cell gives rise to one endospore, which then forms one vegetative cell

True or false: Cell membranes are rigid, static structures that lend stability to cells

False; membranes are fluid, unlike cell walls, which are rigid

Many members of Archaea have _____-________, which are sheets of flat proteins or glycoprotein subunits

S-layers

E coli is a Gram negative bacterium and Streptococcus pyogenes is a gram positive bacterium. Based on this information, which one is probably more sensitive to penicillin? S. pyogenes E. coli

S. pyogenes

True or False: Bacterial components unique to bacteria are potential targets for antibacterial medications used to treat infectious diseases.

True

True or False: Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, which contains the cell's genetic information

True

True or false: Injecting lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into an animal causes symptoms characteristic of live bacteria.

True