Chapter 3: Network Protocols and Communications
NIC
Network Interface Card
EIA
EIA - The Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA), previously known as the Electronics Industries Association, is an international standards and trade organization for electronics organizations. The EIA is best known for its standards related to electrical wiring, connectors, and the 19-inch racks used to mount networking equipment.
PHYSICAL LAYER
The physical layer protocols describe the mechanical, electrical, functional, and procedural means to activate, maintain, and de-activate physical-connections for bit transmission to and from a network device.
ENCAPSULATION
The process of placing one message format (the letter) inside another message format (the envelope) is called encapsulation
ARP
The sending host uses a protocol called Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) to discover the MAC address of any host on the same local network.
DATA LINK LAYER
The data link layer protocols describe methods for exchanging data frames between devices over a common media.
PROTOCOL DATA UNIT
The form that a piece of data takes at any layer is called a protocol data unit (PDU). During encapsulation, each succeeding layer encapsulates the PDU that it receives from the layer above in accordance with the protocol being used. At each stage of the process, a PDU has a different name to reflect its new functions. Although there is no universal naming convention for PDUs, in this course, the PDUs are named according to the protocols of the TCP/IP suite, as shown in the figure: Data - The general term for the PDU used at the application layer Segment - Transport layer PDU Packet - Network layer PDU Frame - Data Link layer PDU Bits - A Physical layer PDU used when physically transmitting data over the medium
SEGMENT
Segment - Transport layer PDU
FRAME
Frame - Data Link layer PDU
HTTP
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a protocol that governs the way a web server and a web client interact. HTTP defines the content and formatting of the requests and responses that are exchanged between the client and server. Both the client and the web server software implement HTTP as part of the application. HTTP relies on other protocols to govern how the messages are transported between the client and server.
IANA
IANA - The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is a department of ICANN responsible for overseeing and managing IP address allocation, domain name management, and protocol identifiers for ICANN.
IP
IP(Internet Protocol) is responsible for taking the formatted segments from TCP, encapsulating them into packets, assigning them the appropriate addresses, and delivering them across the best path to the destination host.
ISO
ISO, the International Organization for Standardization, is the world's largest developer of international standards for a wide variety of products and services. ISO is not an acronym for the organization's name; rather the ISO term is based on the Greek word "isos", meaning equal. The International Organization for Standardization chose the ISO term to affirm its position as being equal to all countries. In networking, ISO is best known for its Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model. ISO published the OSI reference model in 1984 to develop a layered framework for networking protocols. The original objective of this project was not only to create a reference model but also to serve as a foundation for a suite of protocols to be used for the Internet. This was known as the OSI protocol suite. However, due to the rising popularity of the TCP/IP suite, developed by Robert Kahn, Vinton Cerf, and others, the OSI protocol suite was not chosen as the protocol suite for the Internet. Instead, the TCP/IP protocol suite was selected. The OSI protocol suite was implemented on telecommunications equipment and can still be found in legacy telecommunication networks.
PACKET
Packet - Network layer PDU
IEEE
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE, pronounced "I-triple-E") is a professional organization for those in the electrical engineering and electronics fields who are dedicated to advancing technological innovation and creating standards. As of 2012, IEEE consists of 38 societies, publishes 130 journals, and sponsors more than 1,300 conferences each year worldwide. The IEEE has over 1,300 standards and projects currently under development The IEEE 802.3 and IEEE 802.11 standards are significant IEEE standards in computer networking. The IEEE 802.3 standard defines Media Access Control (MAC) for wired Ethernet. This technology is usually for LANs, but also has wide-area network (WAN) applications. The 802.11 standard defines a set of standards for implementing wireless local-area networks (WLANs). This standard defines the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) physical and data link MAC for wireless communications
ISOC
The Internet Society (ISOC) is responsible for promoting open development, evolution, and Internet use throughout the world. ISOC facilitates the open development of standards and protocols for the technical infrastructure of the Internet, including the oversight of the Internet Architecture Board (IAB).
NETWORK LAYER
The network layer provides services to exchange the individual pieces of data over the network between identified end devices.
TRANSPORT LAYER
The transport layer defines services to segment, transfer, and reassemble the data for individual communications between the end devices.
TCP
Transport Protocol - Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is the transport protocol that manages the individual conversations between web servers and web clients. TCP divides the HTTP messages into smaller pieces, called segments. These segments are sent between the web server and client processes running at the destination host. TCP is also responsible for controlling the size and rate at which messages are exchanged between the server and the client
UDP
User Datagram Protocol Layer 4 Transport Enables a process running on one host to send packets to a process running on another host Does not confirm successful datagram transmission
