Chapter 3 - Organic compounds, DNA,

Cellulose

Gives cell wall strength. In plant cells, cellulose can stand the pressure of the vacuole enlarging.

Starch

Glucose as a form of energy storage in plant is called starch.

What are organic compounds?

Organic compounds are often large organic molecules made of smaller sub units. Compounds formed in this way are called polymers, the sub units are called monomers.

What is a Peptide bond?

Peptide bond forms when two amino acid is joined together.

What is Polypeptide?

Polypeptide forms when a number of peptide bond amino acids are joined

What are proteins?

Proteins are large molecules built of sub units called amino acids. All amino acids/proteins contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Some also contains sulfur.

How are protein made?

Proteins are made in our cells. First the DNA carries the code for specific proteins, however DNA are not allowed to leave the cell. Therefore, DNA is transcribed into mRNA. mRNA leaves nucleus to ribosomes, and translates the code into correct amino acids. mRNA tell tRNA to go get the matching amino acid and bring it to ribosome, the amino acids then is joined by a peptide bond to other amio acids in the correct order to make the protein, or a disease can result.

What's the base sepcifically for RNA?

Uracil

What are the uses/types of lipids?

1. Energy dense - twice that of carbohydrates, therefore, used as storage eg. 2. Phospholipids in cell membrane 3. Triglyciriders - storage - convert fact - glucose - atp energy - A small layer of fat surrounds organs such as kidney, heart to protect them.

Uses of proteins

1. Muscles contraction/growth 2. Protein channels in cell membrane 3. Structure of hair/nail eg. Keratin 4. Structure in your skin cell 5. Immune system - WBC 6. Enzymes - made out of proteins 7. Haemoglobin - made of protein carries oxygen

What's the function of proteins?

1. Structural - eg. protein pores in cell membrane 2. Structual in a muscle cell - eg. actin, myosin 3. Enzymes - eg. amylase, pepsin - for digestion 4. hormones, insulin - controls the sugar level in the blood.

What's the difference between catabolism and annabolism?

Catabolism is the breakdown of compounds to release energy, while anabolism is the synthesis of new compoun from simpler ones.

What is DNA?

DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid, it's located in chromosomes in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It's the genetic material that contains hereditary information.

Glycogen

Form of energy storage in animals in the liver and muscles in our bodies.

What is RNA?

RNA stands for ribonucleic acid, it's an copy of DNA which acts as a messenger that carries instructions from the DNA to the ribosome for the purpose of protein synthesis.

What's the meaning of monomer?

Small, sub units, building blocks of the cell. Such as - Monosaccharides - Amino acids -Triglycerides (three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule) - Nucleotides (sugar, phosphate and base )

What is sucrose?

Sucrose is commonly known as table sugar, it is found in sugar beets and sugar canes

Chitin

The firm outer covering of insects and spiders is also a polysaccharide called chitin.

What's the role of enzymes?

The function of enzyme is to speed up chemical reactions within our bodies. Such as speed up digestive and metabolic processes.

Carbohydrates & Polysaccaride

The monomer of both carbohydrates and polysaccharides is called monosaccharides. The most common one is glucose. Carbohydrates contains one or two sugar units are called simple; those containing many sugar units are called polysaccharides or complex carbohydrates. Carbohydrate are very important in plants as structural material

What's the base specifically for DNA?

Thymaine

In which organelle of a plant cell would you find starch?

You would find starch in plastids in plants such as chloroplasts and amyloplasts.

what's the meaning of polymer?

many, larger units of the cell. Such as: - Polysaccharides - Protein - Fat, lipids, membranes - Nucleic acids