FAS331 Week 6
Difficulty adapting to school
...
marital power (4 components)
1. decision making: who gets to make decisions? 2. division of labor: who earns money? who does work around the house? 3. allocation of money earned by either or both partners: who controls spending? Who has access to personal spending money? 4.a partner's sense of empowerment, being able to influence one's partner and feeling free to raise complaints to one's spouse about the relationship.
cycle of violence
1.Tension from minor issue builds over time. 2.The situation escalates, eventually exploding into a violent episode 3.Husband becomes genuinely contrite, treating his wife lovingly.
Most Abusers
47% are by relatives, 49% by other, only 4% by strangers
Power
Ability to exercise one's will
Reward power
Ability to give something for doing good.
Reward Power
Able and willing to give material or non-material gifts
Coercive Power
Able and willing to punish
Martial power (Equity)
Are rewards and privileges of the marriage proportional to the contributions of the partner
Power Bases: Example: Partner sulks, refuses to talk, and withholds sex; physical violence.
Coercive Power
Bases of Power
Coercive, Reward, Expert, Informational, Referent, and Legitimate
Power Bases
Coercive,Reward,Expert, Informational, Referent, and Legitimate Power.
What men are more likely to be violent?
Druggies, 18-30yrs, dropouts, have problems w/feelings, in a relationship w/a woman of higher status
Alternative to Power Politics
Egalitarian: partners see themselves as mutually respected, equally committed and listened to
Referent Power
Emotional identification with a partner
Power Bases: Example: Savings and investment decisions shaped by partner with more education or experience in financial matters
Expert Power
50/50 standard
Fairness is based on...?
Fear (Why Women Put Up)
If she leaves he will kill her (75% of murdered women happen this way)
Informational power
Info that is being used to persuade/have power.
Power Bases: Example: Persuades other parent about most effective mode of child discipline , citing experts' books
Informational Power
Expert Power
Knowledge, Ability
Informational Power
Knows more about an issue or an item
Power Bases: Example: In traditional marriage, husband has final authority as "head" of household; current ideal is that of equal partners
Legitimate Power
Common Reasons (Why Women Put Up)
Love, Economic, Hopes to reform, Nowhere to go
Money and Power (Industrialization)
Male (breadwinner) has complete control, gives allowance, has own spending money
Money and Power (Companionate Model)
Men and Women are equal but have different roles, pools resources (usually controlled by men)
Marital power (Equality)
Partners share equally in rights and responsibilities
Intimate Partner Violence
Physical and/or emotional abuse of spouses, co- hab or non-cohab partners
No
Power Relationships - Not concerned about their relative power; Negotiate instead of "winning"
Referent power
Power a person gives up to someone else; Stokholm syndrome, survival based on captors.
Shelters
Provide counseling, employment guidance, temp home, food etc.
Power Bases: Example: Partner agrees to purchase of house or travel plans preferred by the other because she or he wants to make partner happy
Referent Power
Bases of Marital Power
Resource power, legitimate power,and informational power
Power Bases: Example: Partner gives affection, attention, praise, and respect to partner, and assists him or her in realizing goals; takes over unpleasant tasks; gives material gifts
Reward Power
Women wont report because they don't want CPS to remove their children
True
Unfair
When the husband works more the view on housework from the woman seems...?
Expert power
When you have expertise over something.
Coercive power
When you have the ability to punish; i.e.-parent.
Marital power (decision making)
Where to live? Leisure time? etc.
Marital power (Division of labor)
Who earns the Money? Housework?
Allocation of Money
Who manages the money
Cultural norms of Violence (Why Women Put Up)
Women are to put up with abuse
Housework as a criterion of power:
Women do 1.5 times more than what men do, not equal
Power Politics
Worst Case: Knows each other weakness and uses it against one another
Marital power (Empowerment)
ability to influence one's partner
personal power
autonomy; power exercised over oneself
referent power
based on a person's emotional identification with the partner (an individual gets emotional satisfaction from thinking as the more dominant person does; in happy relationships, this increases as couples age together
reward power
based on an individual's ability to give material or nonmaterial gifts and favors, ranging from emotional support and attention to financial support or recreational travel
Coercive Power
based on dominant person's ability and willingness to punish partner; Psychological-emotional abuse, violence, withholding affection or favors.
Reward Power
based on individual's ability to give material or nonmaterial gifts and favors, ranging from emotional support, attention to financial support or recreational travel.
Referent Power
based on person's emotional identification with the partner. Feeling part of a couple, or group.
coercive power
based on the dominant person's ability and willingness to punish the partner, either with psychological-emotional abuse or physical violence, or, more subtly, by withholding favors or affection
Informational Power
based on the persuasive content of what the dominant person tells another individual.
informational power
based on the persuasive content of what the dominant person tells another individual.
equality
both partner should share equally in the rights and responsibilities of the relationship.
Attachment problems
child shows insecure attachment behaviors
6 bases or sources of social power
coercive, reward, expert, informational, referent, and legitimate power
ways to stop relationship violence
counseling and group therapy; the criminal justice system - in the past was an ineffective strategy and posed some risk to the woman; laws have been changed to make arrests for domestic violence more feasible, and some states or jurisdictions have policies that mandate arrests in certain situations involving family violence
subjective measure of fairness
depends on expectations; each partner may perceive this differently
no power
each partner has the ability to mutually and reciprocally influence and be influenced by the other
objective measures of power
ex: who actually makes more - or more important - decisions, etc.
Physical Neglect
failure to provide basic necessities of food, clothing, shuttler and supervision
Sexual Abuse
forcing, tricking or coercing a child into sexual behavior
sibling violence
form of violence, being attacked by sibling
Social Welfare
foster care, housing assistance and subsidized child care for low income parents
spanking
hitting a child with a paddle, stick, or hairbrush is not "abuse"
Therapeutic Approach
increase in parents self-esteem, involves community in childrearing
Physical Abuse
inflicting injury
Patriarchal terrorism
initiated by men, based on power and control, not tied to a specific situation, men do it more and more severe , has a cycle.
what couple is the most egalitarian?
lesbian couples
common relationship violence
less severe, violence instigated by a situation, men and women do it just as often as the other.
Difficulty in peer relations
may be aggressive and/or avoidant, flight or fight syndrome
2 concepts of marital power
objective measures of power and subjective measures of fairness
Emotional Neglect
parents appear uninterested in child's needs and fail to provide guidance
alternatives to power politics
partners grow increasingly separate in their decision making; one partner disengages from power struggles; the more powerful partner consciously relinquishes some power in order to save or enhance the marriage (maybe the best option)
no
power relationships - each partner has the ability to mutually and reciprocally influence and be influenced by the other; they seek to negotiate and compromise, not to win, and are able to avoid power politics
power politics
power struggles between spouses in which each seeks to gain a power advantage over the other
What did feminist Dair Gillespie point out?
power-giving resources tend to be unevenly distributed between the sexes.
male and female resource difference
power-giving resources tend to be unevenly distributed between the sexes; husbands typically have access to more economic resources (earn more money), are often older, and therefore more likely to have more status, may be or seem to be more knowledgeable, giving them expert or informational power, and usually have greater physical strength (coercive power). Women are likely to have fewer alternatives to the marriage. Wage-earning wives have more say in important decisions and division of household labor, but do not necessarily participate equally in decision making. Women's reproductive roles and resulting economic dependence give women fewer resources.
Counseling and Group Therapy can help??
reduces stigma, teach anger management, and communication
transitional egalitarian situation
regarding marital power, typical of the rest of the country, in which "husband-wife relationships are more flexible and negotiated
bases of marital power
resource power traditionally gave provider husbands the greatest power in marital decision making; equation of resources with power hasn't worked the same way for women. Legitimate power ascribed more authority to men even in situations where they lacked resource power. Women can sometimes gain power from greater knowledge of the household (informational power)
Facts about violence among Gays
same rates as straights, gays fight back more than straight women, gays are more likely to seek help, might not seek help "they aren't out"
Emotional Abuse
speech or actions that tend to destroy emotional well-being and sense of self-worth
Expert Power
stems from dominant person's judgement, knowledge, or ability.
Legitimate Power
stems from the dominant individual's ability to claim authority, or right to request compliance.
legitimate power
stems from the dominant individual's ability to claim authority, or the right to request compliance; society and culture authorize the power of one or the other partner, or both - traditionally the husband as "head", current ideal is equal partners in U.S.
expert power
stems from the dominant person's superior judgment, knowledge, or ability
cultural context resource theory
stresses the idea that resources are not effective in conferring marital power in traditional societies that legitimate male dominance with a patriarchal norm or when there is an overriding egalitarian norm
resources in cultural context
stresses the idea that resources are not effective in conferring martial power in traditional societies that legitimate male dominance with a patriarchal norm.
Blood and Wolfe's study had what effect on people?
the effect of encouraging people to see marital power as shared rather than patriarchal and resting on their individual attributes or resources rather than on social roles.
principle of least invested
the less involved partner has more power in control over the continuation or ending of the relationship
equity
the rewards and privileges of the relationship proportional to the contributions of the partners.
resource hypothesis
the spouse with more resources has more power in marriage. Resources include education and earnings; also good judgment; within marriage, a spouse's most valuable resource would be the ability to provide money (variation of the exchange theory)
spousal abuse in various ethnic groups
victimization rates are strikingly higher (11.1 per 1,000) for Native American women; those for men are also relatively high. Blacks female rates are high (5.0), white and Hispanic females have moderate rates (4.0 and 4.3), and both Asian females and males have very low rates (1.4 and >0.1). white, black, and Hispanic male victimization rates are low.
allocation systems
whether the couple pools their money and who controls pooled or separate money
relative amount of housework done by husband and wife
wife is unequally burdened with housekeeping and child rearing, although younger couples tend to be more egalitarian, especially prior to having children; in 1965, women did 7 hours of housework for every 1 male hour; in 2005 only 1 1/2 hours
Gender Socialization (Why Women Put Up)
women are responsible for keeping the marriage/ relationship together
attitudes of marital fairness
women's satisfaction with fairness of their partners' contributions to household work is strongly associated with women's (and sometimes men's) relationship happiness, marital commitment, and depression and with the risk of marital disruption. what's "fair" to a man may be less than half of household labor, while a woman has to be doing all or almost all housework to find it "unfair". Women whose husbands work more hours are less apt to see the division of household labor as unfair.
Usual Victims of Violence
young women (20-24) ,co-hab partners, married couples