Chapter 3 Review Exercise B

Expiration

Exposure for an AP projection of the abdomen should be taken on ___ (inspiration or expiration)

False. Short exposure time best controls peristalsis

True/False: The patient best controls peristalsis by holding his or her breath during exposure.

False

True/False: The umbilicus ("belly button") is a reliable, alternative landmark to use for the obese patient

Females

Gonadal shielding for ___ may be impossible for studies of the lower abdominopelvic region

ASIS; symphysis pubis

Gonadal shielding for females involves placing the top of the shield at or slightly above the level of the ___, with the bottom at the ___.

It obscures essential anatomy

Gonadal shielding should not be used during abdomen radiography if:

AP supine, AP erect or lateral decubitus abdomen, PA erect chest

List the projects commonly performed for an acute abdominal series or three-way abdomen series?

Iliac wings, Obturator foramina (if visible), ischial spines, outer rib margins

Rotation can be determined on a kidney, ureter, and bladder (KUB) radiography by the loss of the symmetric appearance of

Iliac crest

The central ray is centered to the level of the ___ for a supine AP projection of the abdomen

Ultrasound

The preferred imaging modality for examining the gallbladder quickly is

2 inches (5 cm) above iliac crest; axilla

To ensure the diaphragm is included on an erect abdomen projection, the central ray should be at the level of ___, which places the top of the 35 x 43 cm (14 x 17 inch) IR at the level of the ___.

True

True/False: A radiolucent pad should be placed underneath geriatric patients for added comfort

True

True/False: A tall asthenic patient may require two 35- X 43-cm (14 X 17 inch) image receptors placed portrait if the entire abdomen is to be included

False

True/False: Because the liver margin is visible in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, it is not necessary to place a right or left anatomic side marker on the cassette before exposure.

False. Patient may have situs inversus in which the liver is on the patient's left

True/False: For a KUB, it is accepted practice to indicate the side of the body during postprocessing after the exposure has been completed. The liver is always on the right side of the body

False

True/False: For an adult abdomen, a collimation margin must be visible on all four sides of the radiograph.

False

True/False: The image receptor should be placed in portrait alignment for an abdomen study on an obese patient

Careful breathing instructions

Voluntary motion can best be prevented by ___ to the patient.

Patient breathing. Patient movement during exposure.

What are the two causes of voluntary motion?

Use the shortest exposure time possible

What is the best mechanism to control involuntary motion?

Peristaltic action of the bowel

What is the primary cause for involuntary motion in the abdomen?

3 to 5 cm (1 to 2 inches)

What is the recommended overlap when using two landscape-placed image receptors for an AP projection of a supine abdomen of an obese patient?

Long scale

What scale of contrast is recommended for visualization of the abdominal structures on an abdominal x-ray?

Dorsal decubitus

Which decubitus position best demonstrates possible aneurysms, calcifications of the aorta, or umbilical hernias?

Left lateral decubitus (free air best visualized in upper right abdomen in area of liver)

Which decubitus position of the abdomen best demonstrates intraperitoneal air in the abdomen?

Pancreas

Which of the following abdominal structures is not visible on a properly exposed KUB?

80-85 kV, grid, 40-inch (102-cm) SID

Which of the following exposure considerations would be most ideal for an AP abdomen of an average-sized adult using a digital radiographic system?

PA, erect chest for free air under diaphragm

Which of the following projections requires a kV setting of 110 to 120?

Short exposure times, high-speed image receptor, reduced kV and mAs

Which of the following technical considerations is essential when performing abdomen studies on a young pediatric patient?

Two-way abdomen; AP supine abdomen, and left lateral decubitus

Which positioning routine should be used for an acute abdominal series if the patient is too ill to stand?

Lateral position

Which projection best demonstrates a possible aortic aneurysm in the prevertebral region of the abdomen?

PA chest

Which projection of the three-way acute abdominal series best demonstrates free air under the diaphragm?

Hypersthenic body type

Which type of body habitus might require two landscape-aligned image receptors to be taken if the entire abdomen is to be included?

To increase the room for expansion of the abdominal organs within the abdominal cavity

Why is it recommended to take abdominal radiographs at the end of patient expiration?

Increased object image receptor distance (OID) of kidneys on PA

Why may the PA projection of a KUB generally be less desirable that the AP projection?

To allow intra-abdominal air to rise or abnormal fluids to accumulate

Why should a patient be placed in the decubitus position for a minimum of 5 minutes before exposure?

Computed tomography (CT)

With the use of iodinated contrast media, ___ is able to distinguish between a simple cyst and a tumor of the liver

Ultrasound

___ is used to evaluate patients with acute appendicitis