Chapter 3 - Social Cognitive Theories/Self-Efficacy
Vicarious Experience intervention
show him a video of a former patient who underwent the same surgery and who is now engaging in exercise without incident - Using like situation in social setting to make people engage in exercise without indident.
Level of challenge
Measuring the individual's self efficacy for successfully performing the task at varying degrees of difficulty
Application of Self-Efficacy
Past performance accomplishments intervention Vicarious Experience intervention Social Persuasion Intervention Physiological and affective states intervention
Task self-efficacy
Refers to an individual's belief that she or he can actually do the behavior in question (alone that is insufficient though to maintain an exercise barrier or challenge)
Social Persuasion (self-efficacy)
Verbal or non-verbal tactics used by others in an attempt to increase a persons self-efficacy. - Social persuasion is most effective when a knowledgable or significant other does the persuasion.
Four primary sources of self-efficacy
past performance accomplishments vicarious experiences social persuasion physiological/affective states
Social Cognitive Theory
From physical standpoint; It conceptualize exercise behavior as being influenced by the environmental factors (what people say/do, if there are barriers)
Physiological state/ affective state (emotional)
- Physiological state; rapid heart rate that causes a cardiac rehab patient to doubt whether she or he is capable of successfully performing a bout of exercise. Feeling of pain and fatigue is another example of physiological state that impacts self-efficacy - Affective States (emotional); Can exert positive and negative influence on self-efficacy. Negative emotionality reduces self-efficacy Positive emotionality enhances self-efficacy.
Self-efficacy
A construct that has flourished in the field of exercise psychology. It is not concerned with an individual actual abilities; rather it focuses on the extent to which the individual believes in her or his capabilities to perform a specific a specific behavior. - Self efficacy is more situation specific form of self-confidence.
Past performance Accomplishments
Activities similar to or the same as the current behavior and the individual has previously performed with some degree of success or mastery. - The greater the simularity between the previously experienced activity and the current activity, the greater the impact on self-efficacy. - Past Performance has greatest effect on self-efficacy amongst the 4 primary sources of self-efficacy.
Other-efficacy
An individual's beliefs about another person's ability to perform a task, such as a physiotherapists beliefs in a patients ability to adhere to a home based exercise program.
coping or barriers self-efficacy
Behaviors such as overcoming barriers or challenges to exercise, and fitting exercise into ones schedule or routine (example: scheduling self-efficacy) are also important
Generality
Concerns the extent to which an individual efficacy for a specific task carriers over to other activities
Physiological and affective states intervention
Education by a specialist in terms of what is a normal physiological repsonse to exercise, to not misinterpret common exercise response, such as heavy breathing, rapid pulse, sweating. This can reduce anxiety of physical activity. Creating therefore a realization over time that a person is capable and then increases self-efficacy and satisfaction and cognitive beliefs.
Self-efficacy strength
Involves the measuring the strength of the individuals belief in his or her ability to successfully accomplish a specific task. It is measured by asking respondents to indicate for each level of challenge, their confidence to complete that number of intervals in a single workout.
vicarious experiences (modeling)
Known as modeling - Experiences that involve one individual viewing the performance of a behavior by another individual (the model). - The greater the perceived similarity between viewer and the model, the greater the models influence. - Using mental imagery; visualizing, or picturing a behavior in the mind, while using some or all of the body sense would be considered vicarious experiences.
Measurements of self-efficacy
Self-efficacy strength and level of challenge and generality
social persuasion intervention
Strive to be positive and supporting in conversations with the man, and enlist the help of his spouse or family in persuading him to begin and maintain the rehabilitation regimen. - Positive speech, reinforcement. Reassurance of physical capacity by peers, educators family
Motivation
The degree of determination, drive, or desire, with which an individual approaches a behavior. - The direction and intensity of ones effort.
Self-Efficacy Theory
The perception of one's ability to perform a task successfully A situation-specific form of self-confidence - Human motivation and action are not merely a reflection of the outcomes of past behaviors, but rather people believe that they can execute a particular course of action, they become more motivated to do so and more inclined to take action. - The believe in ones capabilities is the essence of self-efficacy.
Self-Efficacy Limitations
The theory is most strongly predictive behavior when the behavior is challenging or novel. The influence of self efficacy is construct is reduced or eliminated as exercise behavior becomes a well learned and routined.
Past performance accomplishments intervention
discuss exercise history, accomplishments - Start on small exercises that are guaranteed to be succesfull and develop a sense of "mastery" - Mastery: The accomplishment of a goal or the thorough learning or performance of a skill, technique, or behavior.
Self-regulatory efficacy
focuses more on one's abilities to overcome obstacles or challenges to successful performance
proxy efficacy
individual is dependent on others to take action on his or her behalf - Individuals belief in other agents capabilities to help her or him accomplish a task. - Personal trainers, physiotherapists, physical educator
