Chapter 3 - Sports in Society

Structural Factors

Include the availability of sport facilities, equipment, financial support, coaching, and competition opportunities.

A(n) _____ _____ is defined as an identifiable sphere of everyday actions and relationships.

Social World

Model of socialization that emphasizes that social learning occurs when people internalize the rules of society as they grow up in families, attend school, interact with peers, and receive messages through media.

The Personal Internalization Model

Graham, a young gymnast, looks to better his previous performances. His coach suggests a training schedule, but Graham starts feeling stressed and stops enjoying the sport. After some time, he quits gymnastics, stating that he has had enough, even though he is medically and physically fit. In this scenario, Graham's decision of not participating in sports is due to _____.

burnout.

Researchers use a combination of cultural theories and text analysis to do studies of socialization as a _____.

community and cultural process.

The impact of sport participation on society is being learned through three types of studies based on a combination of _____.

cultural, interactionist, and structural theories.

According to the findings of a study by Anita White and Jay Coaxley, young people decided to play sports when it helped them _____.

extend control over their lives and achieve development and career goals.

Sharon Wheeler's findings suggest that short-term interventions designed to increase sport participation among young people outside of the culture in which children see sport involvement as a normal part of their everyday lives are likely to fail if they ignore the _____.

extent to which families serve as the contexts in which participation decisions are made and supported.

According to Peter Donnelly and Kevin Young's study on the process through which people became accepted members of sports cultures, becoming and staying involved in sports is a(n) _____ process.

identity formation

Antonio Gramsci's analysis on socialization as a community and cultural process explains why _____.

large corporations spend billions of dollars every year to sponsor power and performance sports.

According to Jay Coakley, when playing sports constricts a person's opportunities, experiences, relationships, and general competence apart from sports, it is likely to have _____.

negative consequences for a person's overall development.

Sharon Wheeler's findings on family culture and sport participation are consistent with other research in which family culture has been found to provide a context in which children see sport involvement as _____.

normal part of their everyday lives.

Data collected through in-depth interviews by Jay Coakley indicated that burnout during adolescence was grounded in the _____.

organization and authority structure of many high-performance sports.

Studies of socialization as a community and cultural process focus on sports as sites at which _____.

people collectively create and learn stories.

According to Konstantinos Koukouris's in-depth interviews with elite gymnasts, the gymnasts _____.

required more guidance and support to prevent them from gradually disengaging from their sport.

In the sociology of sport, sports are viewed as _____ for socialization experiences.

sites

Most current studies of sports and socialization are based on a _____ and use _____ methods.

social interaction model; qualitative research

Data from Jay Coakley's studies indicated that _____. Increased when the sport programs were organized so that successful young athletes felt that they could not accomplish important developmental tasks during adolescence.

stress.

Konstantinos Koukouris's research data indicated that ending or reducing sport participation was a(n) _____.

voluntary decision among athletes.

Antonio Gramsci, who partly inspired critical research on socialization as a community and cultural process, concluded that revolutions had not occurred against exploitive forms of capitalism in Western societies because _____.

widely accepted ideas about organizing society were actually supportive of the powerful people who exploited and oppressed the general population.

According to studies based on structural theories and a personal internalization model of socialization, which of the following factors are related to sport participation? (check all that apply)

✓ A person's abilities, characteristics, and resources. ✓ The availability of opportunities to play sports in ways that are personally satisfying. ✓ The influence of significant others.

Based on research done during the latter half of the twentieth century, identify the true statements about changing and ending sport participation. (check all that apply)

✓ Dropping out of sports is usually connected with developmental changes and transitions in a person's life. ✓ Dropping out of sports is not always the result of negative experiences.

Which model of socialization emphasizes that social learning occurs when people internalize the rules of society as they grow up in families, attend school, interact with peers, and receive messages through media?

The personal internalization model.

Which of the following is a finding of the study by sociologists Patti and Peter Adler on how the self-conceptions of young men changed as they lived in the social world of big-time intercollegiate basketball?

The young men became deeply engulfed in their roles as athletes.

Identify a true statement on the findings of the study by Anita White and Jay Coaxley on the participation of young people in a highly publicized, state-sponsored sport program.

The young people in the study made their decisions by determining if sport participation would add something positive to their lives.

True or False: The research by David Andrews ans his colleagues shows that sports and celebrity athletes have the same identity for different people in different cultural contexts.

False.

_____ is a process of learning and social development, which occurs as one interacts with others and becomes familiar with social worlds.

Socialization

Identify an assumption of the personal internalization model of socialization.

Socialization is a one-way learning process (assumption).

Identify an accurate statement about the connection between sport and obesity.

Some competitive sports emphasize weight gain for some or all participants (ex: wrestling).

Which of the following points has been made by Eric Anderson in his research on the social experiences of gay athletes?

The meanings given to sport experiences vary from one person to another.

The social interaction model leads researchers to assume that human beings _____.

learn values and norms and develop as individuals as they interact with others and participate in social worlds.

Patti and Peter Adler's study of the social world of a high-profile college basketball team shows that the young basketball players _____.

learned to set goals to succeed in basketball.

David Andrews and his colleagues show that the significance of sports in the socialization that occurs at the community and cultural level can be understood only in connection with _____.

local history, ideologies, and power relations.

Based on the findings of the study on 40 former elite athletes conducted by Garry Wheeler, identify the true statements about the problems faced by these athletes during the retirement transition. (check all that apply)

✓ Ending active sport participation and making the transition into other spheres of life often presented challenges for them. ✓ Few of them hoped to regain their elite athlete status and usually experienced difficulties during the retirement transition.

According to studies using in-depth interviews and participant observation, which of the following are true of sport participation? (check all that apply)

✓ It is connected to multiple and diverse processes that make up people's lives. ✓ It occurs as people interact with others and make decisions based on available opportunities.

According to Konstantinos Koukouris, which of the following factors are usually associated with athletes' decisions of getting out of sports and getting on with life? (check all that apply)

✓ Realistic judgments about their sport skills and the chances of advancing to higher levels of competition. ✓ The need to obtain a job and support themselves.

According to the study by Peter Donnelly and Kevin Young, what are the factors that often influence becoming and staying involved in a sport? (check all that apply)

✓ Receiving social support for the formation of an athlete identity. ✓ Establishing social connections. ✓ Being accepted in a sport culture.

Which of the following points are overlooked by researchers when they study sports and socialization? (check all that apply)

✓ Socialization occurs through the same interaction that accompanies sport participation. ✓ Sport experiences are diverse. ✓ As people grow older, they often alter the meaning given to their past sport experiences.

According to Jay Coakley, when is sport participation most likely to have positive socialization consequences on its athletes? (check all that apply)

✓ When it provides athletes with opportunities to explore and develop identities apart from playing sports. ✓ When it provides athletes with knowledge-building experiences that go beyond the locker room and playing field.

According to the findings of Peter Donnelly and Kevin Young, becoming an athlete in a particular sport culture occurs through a four-phase process. Rank the four steps in the correct order, starting with the first step.

1) Acquiring knowledge about the sport. 2) Interacting with people involved in the sport. 3) Learning how participation occurs and what people in the sport expect from each other as athletes. 4) Becoming recognized and fully accepted as an athlete in the sport culture.

Maria is a college basketball player. She aspires to play in the WNBA and participates in the NCAA basketball division to develop her career. What kind of family culture can help Maria stay involved in sports?

A family culture that supports and encourages her participation.

True or False: Socialization is simply a one-way process of being molded and shaped by one's social environment.

False. Socialization is not simply a one-way process of being molded and shaped by one's environment. Instead, it is an interactive process through which people make decisions about their relationships, their interpretation of information that comes to them through interaction, and what they will say and do.

According to sociologist Ivan Waddington, which of the following is true of the connection between sports and health?

Health benefits decline when there is a shift from self-controlled exercise to competitive sports.

The process of maintaining leadership and control by gaining the consent and approval of other groups, including those who are being led or controlled is referred to as _____.

Hegemony.

Cultural Factors

Include the importance given to particular sports and to the ways that one's age, gender, race, ethnicity, sexuality, and ability to influence the meaning of being an athlete.

Some people are in better positions than others when it comes to using socialization experiences to their advantage and extending their knowledge, experience, and developmental opportunities. This explanation of socialization is based on a _____ that is organized around a combination of cultural, interactionist, and structural theories.

Social Interaction Model

What important point about socialization was raised by Patti and Peter Adler's study on how the self-conceptions of young men changed as they lived in the social world of big-time intercollegiate basketball?

Transferring the learning that occurs through sport participation to nonsport worlds is difficult.

True or False: Membership in a sport culture is temporary.

True.

Nancy Theberge's study on the social experiences of the players of a women's ice hockey team demonstrates that playing sports is _____.

both a physical and social experience.

The study by Loic Wacquant on the social world of boxers in a gym location in a black neighborhood in Chicago helps one understand _____.

the contexts in which athletes and others connected with sports form identities.