Chapter 3 : Tissues. Anatomy.

Oncogenes.

"Cancer Genes".

Simple Columnar Epithelium.

- A single layer of cells. These cells are higher than they are wide and the nuclei are located toward the bottom. The line the surface of the stomach, intestines, parts of the respiratory and reproductive system located in the space between these cells are goblet cells, these cells specialize in producing mucus. Simple columnar cells specialize in protection, secretion, and transport through absorption.

Irregular Fibrous Connective Tissue.

Fibers intertwine irregularly to form a thick mat.

Pseufostratified Columnar Epithelium.

- Single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain goblet cells and bear cilia.

Treatment of Cancer.

- Chemotherapy. - Radiation Therapy. - Laser Therapy. - Immunotherapy.

Epithelial Tissue ha what??

- Epithelial Tissues contain NO blood vessels.

Elastic Cartilage.

- Has more elastic fibers than hyaline cartilage. - Found in the framework in the outer ear.

Inflammatory Response.

- Immediately after injury - Constriction of Blood Vessels (Does not last long). - Injured tissues release histamine and serotonin and kinins- result in vasodilation and vessel permeability. - White blood cells begin to accumulate- Phagocytosis and Diapedesis. - Accumulation of Pus (Dead Leukocytes). - Edema : Inflammatory exudate accumulates in interstitial fluid.

Tissues differ from each other.

- In the size and shape of their cells. - In the amount and kind of material (matrix) between the cells. - In the special functions they perform.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

- Like basal cell carcinoma, this skin cancer is slow growing and arises in the epidermis. - Occurs frequently in middle - aged and elderly individuals and typically found on sun-exposed surfaces. - Some forms may metastasize but, as a group, they are far less likely to spread to other body areas than are malignant lesions.

Simple Squamous.

- Lines blood vessels and air sacs of lungs. - Permits exchange of nutrients, wastes, and gases.

Stratified Cuboidal.

- Lines ducts of sweat glands. - Secretes Water and Ions.

Stratified Columnar.

- Lines epididymus, mammary glands, larynx. - Secretes Mucus.

Simple Cuboidal.

- Lines kidney tubules and glands. - Secretes and reabsorbs water and small molecules.

Simple Columnar.

- Lines most digestive organs. - Absorbs nutrients, produces mucus.

Stratified Transitional Epithelium.

- Many layers of different shaped cells. These cells are found in areas subjected to stress and they must be able to stretch. An example is the wall of the urinary bladder. When stretching occurs the epithelial sheet expands and the number of cells layers decreases.

Hyaline Cartilage.

- Most common type of cartilage. - Contains only very fine collagen fibers. - Found in nose and at the ends of long bones and the ribs.

Malignant Melanoma.

- Most deadly of all skin cancers. - Past 20 years it has shown a steady increase at a rate of 4% a year. - Highest incidence is in older individuals with light skin, eyes, and hair and who have poor ability to tan and previous sunburns. - Develops from a mole to become dark, spreading lesion.

Adipose Tissue (Fat Tissue).

- Numerous vesicles containing stored fat/lipids. - Brown Fat : Burns it's fuel when the body is cold to produce heat.

Stratified Squamous.

- Outer layer of skin, mouth, and vagina. - Protects against abrasion, drying out, infection.

Detection of Cancer.

- Self-Examination. - Medical imaging. - Blood Tests. - Biopsy.

What can you do to help prevent this?

- Stay out of the sun between 10 A.M and 3 P.M. - Wear protective clothing (tight weave, treated sunglasses, wide-brimmed hat). - Use sunscreen with an SPF of at least 15 that protects from UV-A and UV-B rays. - Do not use tanning beds.

Functions of Connective Tissue.

- Support. - Protection. - Point of attachment for muscles. - Reservoir for minerals. - Supports blood-forming Tissue.

Extracellular Matrix Material.

- The "Stuff" between the cells is called the MATRIX MATERIAL. It is complex, non living material between the cells in a tissue. - Different kinds of component's give this matrix material a variety or different characteristics.

Connective Tissues are what?

- The most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body. - Exists in more varied forms than any other tissue type. - It is found in skin, membranes, muscles, bones, nerves, and all internal organs.

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium.

- These cells do not form a protective coverings but instead form tubules or groupings specialized for secretory activity, which means they generate and release body fluids. Secretions include saliva, digestive juices, sweat or perspiration, and hormones. - Simple cuboidal Epithelium also forms the tubules that form urine in the kidneys. - Single layer of cublike cells with large, spherical central nuclei.

Reticular Tissue.

- Thin, delicate webs of collagen fibers called RETICULAR FIBERS (NETLIKE). - Found in bone marrow and supporting organs (Spleen).

Pseufostratified Epithelium.

- This type of cell is her ally found in the trachea or windpipe. A single layer of tall cells that squeeze together in such a way that they appear to be more than one layer. Pseudo means "false". The cilia that extend from the cells are capable of moving in unison. This ability allows them to move mucus along the surface lining, protecting lungs against entry of dust and foreign particles.

Tissue Repair.

- Tissue have a varying capacity to repair themselves; damaged tissue regenerates or is replaced by scar tissue. - Regeneration : Growth of new tissue. - Scar : Dense Fibrous Mass; unusually thick scar is a keloid. - Epithelial and Connective Tissues have the greatest ability to regenerate. - Muscle and Nervous Tissues have a limited capacity to regenerate.

Fibrous Connective Tissue.

-Loose fibrous and dense fibrous connective tissue have cells called FIBROBLASTS which are separated by a jelly-like matrix containing white collagen fibers and yellow elastic fibers. - Loose fibrous connective tissue supports epithelium and may internal organs.

Epithelia : Simple Columnar.

-Single layer of tall cells with oval nuclei; many contain cilia. -Goblet cells are often found in this layer.

Skin Cancer : Types.

1. Basal cell carcinoma. 2. Squamous cell carcinoma. 3. Melanoma.

Three Types of Fibers :

1. Collagen. 2. Reticular. 3. Elastic.

Two Types of Tissues :

1. Membranous (Lining or Covering) Epithelial. 2. Glandular Epithelial. *Membranous type attaches to a basement membrane. At the bottom. Most epithelial tissues sit on a membrane (the foundation).

Four Cardinal Signs of Inflammation :

1. Rubor (Redness). 2. Calor (Heat). 3. Tumor (Swelling). 4. Dolor (Pain). - Heat, physical pressure, caustic chemicals, toxins - initiate inflammatory response.

Simple Squamous Epithelium.

A single layer of very thin and irregularly shaped cells. Substances can readily pass through this type of tissue. It's special function is the transportation of respiratory gases between the tiny air sacs (alveoli) and blood.

Anaplasia.

Abnormal, undifferentiated cells.

Smooth Tissue.

Also called Nonstriated (visceral) or involuntary; no cross striations found in blood vessels and other tube - shaped organs.

Cardiac Tissue.

Also called striated involuntary; comprises heart wall; ordinarily cannot control contractions.

Skeletal Tissue.

Attaches to bones; also called striated or voluntary; control is voluntary; striations apparent when viewed under a microscope.

Connective Tissue Part 1.

Binds organs together, provides support and protection, fills spaces, produces blood cells and stores fat.

Fluid Connective Tissue.

Blood (Hematopoietic Tissue) : Consists of cells suspended in a fluid matrix called plasma. - The internal environment of the body consists of blood and tissue fluid. - Blood transports nutrients and oxygen to tissue fluid and removes carbon dioxide and other wastes. Also involved in fluid, ion, and pH balance.

Regular Fibrous Connective Tissue.

Bundles of fibers are arranged in regular, parallel rows.

Carcinomas.

Cancer of epithelial tissue, most common type.

Leukemias.

Cancer of the blood.

Lymphomas.

Cancer of the lymphoid tissue.

Sarcomas.

Cancers arising in muscle or connective tissue.

Supportive Connective Tissue.

Cartilage. - The transition tissue from which bone develops. - Maintains shape of certain body parts and protects and cushions joints. - Consists mainly of collagen fibers. The cells lie in small chambers known as Lacunae separated by a matrix that is solid yet flexible.

Carcinogen.

Cause of abnormal cell reproduction (mutagens). - The mechanism of all cancers is a mistake or problem in cell division.

Cartilage.

Chondrocyte is cell type.

Cancer.

Classified according to the type of tissue from which they arise.

Extracellular Matrix Part 2.

Components (What can it be made out of) - Water. - Proteins. - Collagens - Strong and flexible protein fibers. - And more...

Locations.

Composes structures that need great tensile strength, such as tendons and ligaments; also dermis and out capsule of kidney and spleen.

Neurons.

Conducting Cells. - Cell Components. - Cell body. - Axon (one or more) carries nerve impulse away from cell body. - Function - Rapid communication between body structures and control of body functions.

Collagen Fibers.

Contain collagen which is a protein that gives them flexibility and strength.

Elastic Fibers.

Contain elastin which is a protein that is not as strong as collagen, but is more elastic.

Epithelial Tissue.

Covers something - they can be exterior or interior.

Cuboidal Cells.

Cube Shaped.

Muscle Tissue.

Designed to move.

Squamous Cells.

Flat and scale like.

Function.

Furnishes flexible connections that are strong or stretchy.

P53.

Gene that is activated at the first sign of cancer and initiates a chain reaction that can cause the cell's death - before it can develop into full-blown cancer.

Areolar.

Glue that holds organs together.

Fibrocartilage.

Has a matrix containing strong collagen fibers. found in structures that withstand tension and pressure, such as the pads between the vertebrae in the backbone and the wedges in the knee joint.

Columnar Cells.

Higher than they are wide.

Bone Tissue.

Highly specialized connective tissue type. - Cells osteocytes embedded in a calcified matrix. - Inorganic component of matrix account for 65% of total bone tissue.

Connective Tissue.

Holds things together - bones to bones, muscles to bones.

Adipose (Fat).

Lipid storage is primary function.

Dense Fibrous Tissue.

Matrix consists mainly of densely packed fibers and relatively few fibroblast cells.

Bone.

Matrix is calcified; function in support and protection.

Blood.

Matrix is fluid; function is transportation.

Tumor Suppressor Gene.

May fail to operate and this allow cancer to develop.

Nervous Tissue.

Messaging - send information from one part of the body to another part.

Collagenous Fibrous Tissue.

Mostly collagenous fibers in ECM.

Elastic Fibrous Connective Tissue.

Mostly elastic fibers in ECM.

Stratified Cells.

Multiple layers of cells.

Ground Substance.

Non-cellular material that separates the cells and varies in consistency from solid to semi-solid to fluid.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium.

Several layers of closely packed cells. This arrangement of many layers makes this tissue a specialist at protection. It lines the surface of the mouth, the esophagus and it is the epidermis.

Simple Cells.

Single row.

Metastasis.

Spreading of cancer cells.

Fibrous.

Strong fibers; example is tendon.

Glia (Neuroglia).

Supportive and connecting cells.

Hyperplasia.

Too many cells.

Transitional Cells.

Varying shapes that can stretch.

Reticular Fibers.

Very thin collagen fibers that form delicate supporting networks.

Skin Cancer.

uncontrolled cell growth.