Chapter 31

Among the key groups that made up the powerful Roosevelt coalition in the election of 1936 and for many decades afterward were

Aferican Americans, southerners, and Catholics

The Roosevelt landslide of 1932 included the shift into the Democratic camp of traditionally Republican

African Americans

Naval Treaty

Agreement emerging from the Washington Disarmament Conference that reduced naval strength and established a 5:5:3 ratio of warships among the major naval powers

Douglas MacArthur

Commander of the troops who forcefully ousted the army of unemployed veterans from Washington in 1932

The new labor organization that flourished under Depression conditions with the New Deal's legal backing was the

Committee for Industrial Organization

After Roosevelt's Court-packing plan failed, the conservative Supreme Court continued to strike down New Deal legislation just as it had done before

F

Brain Trust

FDR's reform-minded intellectual advisers, who conceived much fo the New Deal legislation

By 1939, the New Deal had largely solved the major depression problem of unemployment

False

Eleanor Roosevelt had little experience with social reform and women's concerns before her husband was elected president

False

Even amidst the worst of the Great Depression, most Americans did not worry that the US would follow Italy or Germany in giving a dictator power to solve the crisis

False

In designing the New Deal, Roosevelt and his advisers avoided drawing on European models that might smack of socialism to Americans

False

The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and the Public Works Administration (PWA) were both designed to reform American business practices

False

The Republican administration of the 1920s believed in strict enforcement of antitrust laws to maintain strong business competition.

False

The Republican administrations of the 1920s pursued policy toward national security by engaging in a larger military buildup.

False

The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) was signed primarily to aid in conversing water and soil resources in eroded hill areas

False

The US Social Security System created by the New Deal provided more comprehensive social welfare insurance than anything available in Europe at the time

False

The major sources of support for liberal third-party presidential candidate Robert La Follette in the election of 1924 were among the urban working class and in the South.

False

Throughout his term, Hoover consistently adhered to his firm belief that the federal government should play no role in providing economic relief and assisting the recovery from the Depression

False

The Hawley-Smoot Tariff strengthened the trend toward expanded international trade and economic cooperation.

Falseq

McNary-Haugen Bill

Farm proposal of the 1920's, passed by Congress but vetoed by the president, that provided for the federal government to buy farm surpluses and sell them abroad

Strong political challenges to Roosevelt came from extremist critics like

Father Charles Coughlin and Huey Long

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Former New York governor who roused the nation to action against the depression with his appeal to the "forgotten man"

Harry Hopkins

Former New York social worker who became an influential FDR adviser and head of several New Deal agencies

Harold Ickes

Former bull moose progressive who spent billions of dollars on public building projects while carefully guarding against waste

Albert B. Fall

Harding's interior secretary, convicted of taking bribes for leases on federal oil reserves

Henry Stimson

Hoover's secretary of state, who sought sanctions against Japan for its aggression in Manchuria

Which two terms best describe the Harding and Coolidge administrations' approach to foreign policy?

Isolationism and disarmament

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

Large federal employment program, established in 1935 under Harry Hopkins, that provided jobs in areas from road building to art

Robert La Follette

Leader of a liberal third-party insurgency who attracted little support outside the farm belt

Francis E Townsend

Leader of senior citizen movement who called for the federal government to pay $200 a month to everyone over sixty

Huey "Kingfish" Long

Louisiana senator and popular mass agitator who promised to make "every man a king" at the expense of the wealthy

Teapot Dome

Naval oil reserve in Wyoming that gave its name to one of the major Harding administration scandals

Charles Dawes

Negotiator of a plan to reschedule German reparations payments and Calvin Coolidge's vice president after 1925

Tennessee Valley Authority

New Deal agency that aroused strong conservative criticism by producing low-cost electrical power while providing full employment, soil conservation, and low cost housing to an entire region

Agricultural Adjustment Administration

New Deal farm agency that attempted to raise prices by paying farmers to reduce their production of crops and animals

Social Secruty

New Deal program that financed old-age pensions, unemployment insurance, and other forms of income assitance

New Deal

Phrase used to describe all of Franklin Roosevelt's policies and programs to combat the Great Depression

Ohio Gang

Poker-playing cronies from Harding's native state who contributed to the morally loose and corrupt atmosphere in his administration

Hundred Days

Popular term for the special session of Congress in early 1933 that rapidly passed vast quantities of Roosevelt-initiated legislation and handed the president sweeping power

Eleanor Roosevelt

Presidential wife who became an effective lobbyist for the poor during the New Deal

The federal agency that Hoover established in order to provide pump-priming loans to business was the

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Charles Evans Hughes

Strong-minded leader of Harding's cabinet and initiator of major naval agreements

Adkins v. Children's Hospital

Supreme Court ruling that removed women's workplace protection, invalidated a minimum wage for women, and undermined the earlier Court decision in Muller v. Oregon

The daring New Deal program that attempted simultaneously to provide flood control, electric power, and economic development occurred in the valley of the

Tennessee River

Black Tuesday

The worst single event of the great stock market crash of 1929

Calvin Coolidge

Tight-lipped Vermonter who promoted frugality and pro-business policies during his presidency

Briand Pact

Toothless international agreement of 1928 that pledged nations to outlaw war

Britain, France, and America's other Allies vigorously protested U.S. demands for repayment of loans made during World War 1.

True

Calvin Coolidge's image of honesty and thrift helped restore public confidence in the government after the Harding administration scandals.

True

Congress rushed to pass many of the early New Deal programs that granted large emergency powers to the president

True

Hoover's harsh use of the U.S. Army to disperse the veterans' Bonus Army from Washington brought him widespread condemnation.

True

In the election of 1918, Democratic nominee Al Smith's urban, Catholic, and wet background cost him support from many traditionally Democratic southern voters.

True

One sector of the American economy that did not share the prosperity of the 1920s was agriculture.

True

Roosevelt's call for a New Deal in the 1932 campaign included attacks on the Hoover deficits and a promise to balance the federal budget

True

Roosevelt's political coalition rested heavily on lower-income groups, including African Americans, Jews, Catholics, and southerners.

True

The American economic collapse during the Great Depression was the most severe suffered by any major industrial nation in the 1930s.

True

The Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) used sympathetic New Deal laws to unionize many unskilled workers previously ignored by the American Federation of Labor (AF of L).

True

The Great Depression was caused partly by overexpansion of credit and excessive consumer debt.

True

The New Deal more than doubled the US national debt through deficit spending

True

The New Deal opened new opportunities for women through appointment to government offices and the new social sciences

True

The high tariff policies of the 1920s enhanced American prosperity but crippled international trade and Europe's economic recovery from World War 1.

True

The main exception to American's isolationist foreign policy in the 1920s was continuing U.S. armed intervention in the Caribbean and Central America.

True

Two early New Deal programs, the National Recovery Administration (NRA) and the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA), were both declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court

True

Harry Daugherty

US attorney general and a member of Harding's corrupt Ohio Gang who was forced to resign in administration scandals

George W. Norris

Vigorously progressive senator from Nebreaskaa whose passionate advocacy helped bring about he New Deal's Tennesee Valley Authority

American Legion

WWI veterans' group that vigorously promoted militant patriotism, political conservatism, and economic benefits for former servicemen

John Davis

Weak compromise Democratic candidate in 1924

Warren G. Harding

Weak-willed president whose easygoing ways opened the door to widespread corruption in this administration

Andrew Mellon

Wealthy industrialist and conservative secretary of the treasury in the 1920's

Blue Eagle

Widely displayed symbol of the National Recovery Administration (NRA), which attempted to reorganize and reform US industry

John Steinbeck

Writer whose best-selling novel portrayed the suffering of dust bowl Okies in the 30's

In the political campaign of 1928, Herbert Goover revealed himself to be

a combination of 19th century small-town virtues with big business efficientcy

The proposed ratio of 5:5:3 in the Washington Disarmament Conference of 1921-1922 referred to the

allowable ratio of battleships and carriers among the US, Britain, and Japan

The very high tariff rates of hte 1920's had the primary economic effect of

causing the Europeans to erect their own tariff barriers and thus severely reduce international trade

Roosevelt's first bold action during the Hundred Days was

closing all the banks and declaring a national band holiday

The sky-high Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930 had the economic effect of

crippling international trade and deepening the depression

In addition to the natural forces of drought and wind, the Dust Bowl of the 1930's was also caused by

excessive use of dry farming and mechanization techniques on marginal land

THe farm bloc's favorite solution to the severe drop in prices that caused farmers' economic suffering in the 1920's was

for the federal government to buy up agricultural surpluses at higher prices and sell them abroad

Al Smith's Roman Catholicism and opposition to prohibition hurt him especially

in the South

Roosevelt's attempt to pack the Supreme Court with his supporters proved extremely costly because

its failure took away much of the political momentum of the New Deal

The so-called Indian New Deal included an emphasis on

local tribal self-government and recovery of Indian identity and culture

Two groups that suffered severe political setbacks in the immediate post-WWII environment were

organized labor and blacks

One important cause of the great stock market crash of 1929 was

overexpansion of production adn credit beyond people's ability to pay for goods

The social Security Act of 1935 provided for

pensions for the elderly, the blind, and unemployment insurance for workers

The international economic crisis caused by unpaid war reparations and loans was partially resolved by

private American bank loans to Germany that enabled Germany to pay war reparations

Franklin Roosevelt's presidential campaign in 1932

promised to aid the "forgotten man" by balancing the federal budget and ending deficits

The primary purpose of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was to

provide jobs and experience for unemployed young people

Roosevelt's Agricultural Adjustment Administration met especially sharp criticism because it

raised prices by paying farmers to slaughter animals and not grow crops

Herbert Hoover

secretary of commerce, through much of the 1920's, whose reputation for economic genius became a casualty of the Great Depression

Besides deep divisions within the Democratic party, the elections of 1924 revealed

that the progressive movement was much weaker than it had been before WWI

Al Smith

the "happy Warrior" who attracted votes in the cities but lost them in the South

Father Coughlin

the "microphone messiah" of Michigan whose mass radio appeals turned anti-New Deal and anti-Semitic

Roosevelt's National Recovery Administration (NRA) ended when

the Supreme Court declared it unconsitutional

Dust Bowl

the drought-stricken plains areas from which hundreds of thousands of Okies and Arkies were driven during the Great Depression

Civilian Conservation Corps

the early New Deal agency that worked to solve the problems of unemployment and conservation by employing youth in reforestation and other beneficial tasks

The relationship between government and big business advocated by the Republican presidents of the 1920's was that

the government should keep hands off business and actively promote laissez-faire

The central scandal of Teapot Dome involved members of Harding's cabinet who

took bribes for leasing federal oil lands

As president, Warren G. Harding proved to be

weak-willed and tolerant of corruption among his friends and his cabinet

Henry Sinclair

wealthy oilman who bribed cabinet officials in the Teapot Dome scandal

Even before FDR won the White House, Eleanor Roosevelt had become an influential figure in her own right by advocating the causes of

women and the poorer classes