Exam 2

ventricles (13)

-lower chambers -receives blood from the atria -pumps blood out into arteries

involuntary movements and the indirect pathway (11)

-posture control, balance, and muscle tone -multisynaptic and highly complex

parietal lobe processing(10)

-the somatosensory cortex of the parietal lobe has a neural map of the body -activity of these neurons can give us conscious awareness of somatic senses, including body location information.

pulmonary circuit (13)

(right heart chambers, and the pulmonary arteries and veins) right atrium->right ventricle->pulmonary arteries->capillary beds in lungs->pulmonary veins->

thick filaments made of myosin (12)

-2 subunits combine to form a myosin molecule -each myosin molecule has an actin binding site, and an ATPase site, at the head -2 myosin molecules will bind together, tail-to-tail -a single thick filament consists of many (300-400) pairs of myosin molecules, offset from eachother

Slow responses (8)

-G protein coupled receptors transmit signal to ion channel thru a g-protein. This or an activated 2nd messenger will lead to a conformational change to open or close a channel -a change in the flow of ions will result -signaling is slow(lasting from a few milliseconds up to several hours) but can be quite strong with amplification

throughout diastole, the semilunar valves are (13)

closed because pressure in arteries (held over from the previous systole) is higher than pressure in the relaxed ventricles.

Muscles (12)

skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

3 categories of senses(9)

somatic special visceral

isovolumetric contraction (13)

(early systole) ventricles begin to contract. The pressure is great enough to close the AV valves, but is not yet great to force open the semilunar valves due to the high residual pressure of the arteries so blood flows out into the arteries. -the AV valves remain closed throughout systole

systemic circuit (13)

(left heart chambers, and the systemic arteries and veins) left atrium->left ventricle->systemic arteries->capillary beds in body(except lungs)->systemic veins->

ventricular filling (13)

(mid to late diastole) -AV valves are open. This allows blood to flow from atria into ventricles. -even though the atria are not contracting in mid diastole, pressure in the veins that feed into the atria is higher than pressure in atria and ventricles, so blood flows from the veins, through the atria, into the ventricles. -late diastole-ventricles still relaxed, but atria contract, forcing more blood into the ventricles

Fast responses (8)

-Ligand-gated ion channels open due to NT binding -ions in or out of postsynaptic cell -not strong due to lack of amplification

Digestive system (11)

-Motility(movement of products though the GI tract, including swallowing, vomiting, intestinal motility and defecation) -secretions(saliva & more) -S-both of the above activities are decreased by sympathetic inputs -P-both of the above are increased by parasympathetic inputs

Parasympathetic division (11)

-craniosacral division -preganglionic neurons with their cell bodies in the brainstem, or in the spinal cord gray matter (sacral region, lateral horn), and ganglionic neurons with their cell bodies in ganglia (like the submandibular ganglia in the head, or ganglia in the walls of organs like the heart and baldder)

other cerebral nuclei(9)

-direction some repetitive movements like walking and running -refine motor movements

thin myofilaments (12)

-directly attach to the z line -are made of actin and regulatory proteins

If stimulus STILL continues in ATP powered muscle contraction, (12)

-during sustained, but moderate exercise, there is enough oxygen to run oxidative phosphorylation -for a few seconds, it uses primarily its own glycogen. Then it switches to mainly using glucose and fatty acids. The glucose then uses less and fatty acids are used more and more.

Reproductive system (11)

-erection and ejaculation in males -uterine muscle activity in females -S-helps stimulate contraction of uterus during childbirth -stimulates ejaculation in males -P-stimulates erection in males

visceral sense pathways and processing (10)

-they synapse on the spinal cord, brainstem, or higher neurons -some pathways continue to areas like the hypothalamus and cortex -visceral sensory info is processed in either the brainstem or hypothalamus (& sometimes cortex) ex: stretching urinary bladder

Sympathetic division (11)

-thoracolumbar division -preganglionic neurons with their cell bodies in the spinal cord gray matter (thoracolumbar region, lateral horn), and ganglionic neurons with their cell bodies in ganglia (like the sympathetic trunk ganglia)

cardiac muscle characteristics (12)

-under autonomic control, but can spontaenously fire action potentials -uses thick and thin filaments, and crossbridge cycles as well as the troponin, tropomysin system. -does have sarcomeres, so it appears striated -the muscle cells are interconnected by gap junctions, to coordinate their contraction

Neurons have branches that serve 3 purposes (9)

1-some go up to inform the brain that the muscle was stretched 2-some activate motor neurons of the spinal cord, that cause the quadriceps muscles (in the front of the thigh) to contract (that is the knee jerk) 3-some activate interneurons, which then inhibit motor neurons that control hamstring muscles (in the back of the thigh), so that the hamstrings don't counteract the knee extension caused by the quadriceps

Control of the ANS (11)

Our thoughts affect ANS activity ex: conscious perception of a potential mate can drive ANS sexual responses

ANS reflexes occur when sensory info coming to the brainstem or spinal cord triggers ANS motor activity. Many are _____(11)

classic negative feedback loops which exist to maintain homeostasis

Most neurons receive how many synapses of other neurons? (8)

hundreds or thousands

inhibitory synapse (8)

hyperpolarizes postsynaptic cell-makes Vm more neg

blink reflex (11)

if a puff of air comes into your eye, your blink muscles will contract to close your eyes

Signaling from ______ synapses makes it _____ to fire an action potential, while signaling from ______ synapses makes it _______ to fire. (8)

inhibitory, less likely, excitatory, more likely

Match the nervous system component to its function in the direct motor pathway. cerebellum (11)

refine and adjusts movements

cerebellum(9)

refines motor movements(cerebral nuclei)

Most ANS activity is (11)

reflective (combining sensory and motor pathways)

adrenaline (11)

reinforces the other elements of the sympathetic response, by acting in ways that help the body cope with exercise or threatening situations ex: promotes glycogenolysis in liver and in skeletal muscle, and it increases heart rate

Match the nervous system component to its function in the direct motor pathway. spinal cord (11)

relays commands to most muscle muscles below the neck

Match the nervous system component to its function in the direct motor pathway. brainstem (11)

relays commands to muscles of facial expression, eye movement, chewing, and swallowing

The parasympathetic division promotes processes associated with -(11)

rest

skeletal muscles are the effectors of the _____ division of the nervous system (12)

somatic

Senses(10)

somatic, special, visceral

Involuntary motor control of things like balance and muscle tone is regulated by the ____________.(11)

midbrain

Skeletal muscle cells can do summation because ______.(12)

more calcium can be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum than the amount released during a twitch

Metabolism ______ in different conditions (12)

changes

When neurotransmitters bind receptors on a post-synaptic neuron, the resulting changes in ion flow affect the post-synaptic neuron's voltage because all of the ions are _______. (8)

charged

an EKG (13)

records the electrical activities of these populations of cells. It is used to look for electrical abnormalities of heart function.

smell pathway (10)

-signals travel in cranial nerve to the olfactory bulb, and from there to the temporal lobe -notice that this is the only consciously detected sense that does NOT relay in the thalamus before going to the cortex

somatic reflex components (11)

-somatic sensory info comes into CNS in response to a threat (pain, loss of footing, a threat) -sensory neurons activate motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord some directly and some through interneurons -motor neurons generate preprogrammed response (withdrawal and blink reflex)

the gnostic area (10)

-straddles the boundary of the temporal and parietal lobes and a little of the occipital -it integrates somatosensory, visual, and auditory info processed by the parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes. This area allows you to make sense of the general situation you find yourself in, based on multiple cues.

Cardiovascular system (11)

-the ANS regulates HR and force of heartbeat, to regulate the rate of blood flow through the body. -it also regulates the diameter of various blood vessels, to regulate the amount of blood going to different organs. S-increase HR and increases the force of heartbeats -large effect on blood vessels P-decreases HR-small effect on decreasing the force of heartbeats not much effect on blood vessels except in genitals

comparison of left and right sides of the heart (13)

-the left and right sides of the heart must have the same CO, over the long run -the left and right sides of the heart have exactly the same heart rate, because they pump synchronously. -the left and right sides of the heart have the same stroke volume on average.

twitch (12)

-the response of the muscle fibers in a motor unit (or a muscle cell, or an entire muscle, depending on the circumstances) to a single action potential from the motor neuron -very reproducible, as long as you can wait long enough between action potentials

patterns of contractions (13)

-the right heart pumps blood through the pulmonary circuit, while the left heart pumps blood through the systemic circuit -however, these 2 pumps pump synchronously: In a heartbeat, the left and right atria contract at about the same time, then the left and right ventricles contract at the same time.

Postsynaptic neurons as (8)

decision makers

The withdrawal reflex is activated by ______.(9)

pain

G actin monomers combine to make (12)

F actin filaments. Each G actin monomer has a myosin binding site.

isovolumetric relaxation (13)

(early diastole) -the ventricle begins to relax. Pressure in the ventricles is still greater than the pressure in atria. (so the valves remain closed) However, pressure in the ventricle is no longer greater than pressure in the artery so the semilunar valves are also now closed. Because the volume of blood in the ventricles does not change in this phase, it is called this.

smell detection (10)

uses GPCRs

spinal reflex example (9)

withdrawal reflex

Respiratory system (11)

-The ANS can change the diameter of airways -S-relaxes bronchial muscles, to dilate airways -P-contracts bronchial muscles, to constrict airways

summation (12)

-action potentials can happen faster (2-3ms) than the time required for a twitch(10-1000ms) -they can therefore add onto eachother, simply by causing more calcium release into the cytoplasm, and activating more crossbridges NOTE-this increases the force generated in one motor unit

excitation contraction coupling (12)

-activates the crossbridge cycle -it is how motor neurons signal muscle cells to contract

valves (13)

-blood should only flow in one direction through the heart -valves prevent backflow -AV valves separate atria and ventricles -semilunar valves separate ventricles and arteries

examples of classic negative feedback loops (11)

-brainstem is informed by the hypothalamus that the core body temp is too low. It activates sympathetic division to reduce blood flow to skin, to conserve heat -medulla oblongata detects that blood pressure is too low. It activates sympathetic division to reduce blood flow to skin, to conserve heat. -medulla oblongata detects that blood pressure is too low. It activates sympathetic division to increase HR -spinal cord detects that bladder is full of urine. It activates parasympathetic division to cause urination(requires conscious permission) -spinal cord and brainstem detect presence of food in GI tract. They active parasympathetic division to increase digestive activities and movement of food material.

ANS neurons (11)

-cardiac & smooth muscles & glands-use those effectors to regulate and control many processes around the body -located in the brainstem, spinal cord, and ganglia -2 divisions-sympathetic and parasympathetic

pacemaker cells (13)

-cardiac muscle cells that fire spontaneous action potentials -pacemaker cells are key regulator cells, but they don't generate much of the force of a heartbeat -present in large concentrations in 2 locations-SA & AV node

conduction fibers(13)

-cardiac muscle cells that transmit action potentials, via gap junctions, to neighboring cells -large than normal cardiac muscle cells are the most numerous. They generate almost all of the force of the heart as it pumps

blood vessels(13)

-conduits of blood flow

Spinal cord(9)

-continuous from the brainstem enclosed by bones of the vertebral column -in a horizontal cross-section, there is a butterfly shaped region of gray matter surrounded by white matter

Urinary system (11)

-contraction of bladder -S-slightly relaxes muscle of bladder wall P-contracts muscle of bladder wall, to empty bladder during urination

proprioceptors(10)

-in muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints, and skin -detects limb position and muscle load

thalamus(9)

-involved in attention -functions as a synaptic relay station for sensory info-except for smell

secondary sensory neuron pathway(10)

-located in either the spinal cord posterior horn or the brainstem -axon crosses to other side of body, and travels to thalamus

tertiary sensory neurons(10)

-located in the thalamus -axons travel to parietal lobe

ANS control (13)

-medulla oblongata integrates information about blood pressure, particle concentrations, and emotional stress -it then sends commands to the sympathetic division and parasympathetic division -S-increases heart rate, by affecting pacemaker cells of the SA and AV nodes & increases stroke volume, by affecting contractile cells -P-decreases heart rate, by affecting pacemaker cells of the SA and AV nodes

Autonomic motor(9)

-motor neurons called the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system divisions are subdivisions of the Autonomic nervous system -mostly involuntary

Somatic motor(9)

-neurons that control skeletal muscles tissue,like your biceps and quadriceps muscles -somatic motor commands are mostly involuntary in nature

valve mechanics (13)

-open and close due to pressure differences -when the pressure in the chamber upstream of a valve is higher than the pressure in the chamber downstream, the valve will be open. -when the pressure in the chamber downstream of a valve is higher than the pressure in the chamber upstream, the valve will be closed.

somatic reflexes (combining sensory and motor pathways) (11)

-rapid, somatic motor responses to sensory stimulation because they don't involve very many synapses -always the same response -can be suppress consciously but usually aren't -protect us from injury to maintain balance

hypothalamus (9)

-releases and regulates many hormones -regulated core body temperature, thirst, and hunger -regulated circadian rhythms w/ pineal gland -influences autonomic motor activities(HR, digestion, BP, fear, and contentment) -important center for motivation and emotions

muscle fibers (12)

-run the length of a muscle -multinucleated -sarcolemma -neuromuscular junctions -mitochondria -sarcoplasmic reticulum -transverse or T tubules -myofibrils

autonomic reflex examples (9)

-salivating to smell of food -pupil changing diameter under different light conditions -urination when the bladder is full

Endocrine system control (13)

-several hormones affect the HR -epinephrine has the greatest effect. It increases heart rate by acting on the pacemaker cells of the SA node.

smooth muscle characteristics (12)

-under autonomic control, but in some cases can spontaneously fore action potentials. -uses thick and thin filaments, and crossbridge cycles DOES NOT have sarcomeres. Instead, the filaments run in zigzagging patterns. Smooth muscle therefore does not appear striated. -uses a very different mechanism to activate the crossbridge cycle. (not the tropopin, tropomysin system) -the muscle cells are often interconnected by gap junctions, which causes them to act in groups

atria (13)

-upper chambers -receives blood returning to the heart from the veins -pumps blood into the ventricles

Hearing detection requires a sequence of mechanical and neural events(10)

-vibrating objects produce pressure in the air->they vibrate the tympanic membrane(eardrum) at the same frequency->the 3 bones of the middle ear amplify the signal and transmit the vibration to the oval window->the vibrations become fluid waves of the perilymph of the vestibular canal->these waves push on the vestibular membrane then the basilar membrane->the deflected basilar membrane bends the stereocilia of the hair cells embedded in the tectorial membrane->they act to open or close K+ channels, changing the voltage of the hair cell-> the voltage changes affect neurotransmitter release to stimulate afferent neurons whose dendrites touch the hair cell.

excitation-contraction coupling steps (12)

1- the motor neuron fires an action potential. Ach is then release from the motor neuron, and binds to receptors in the muscle fiber. This triggers an action potential in the muscle fiber. 2-Action potential travels along sarcolemma and down T tubules 3-the action potential triggers Ca++ release from the SR 4-Ca++ enters the cytosol, where it can bind to troponin, exposing myosin-binding sites 5-crossbridge cycle begins (and sarcomere contraction occurs) 6-After the action potential, Ca++ is transported back into the SR. 7-Tropomyosin blocks myosin-binding sites. (sarcomere relaxes)

Events of synaptic communication (8)

1-Action potential in presynaptic cell reaches synapse 2-Voltage gated calcium channels open Ca+ enters 3-Calcium causes vesicles filled with neurotransmitters(ligand) to undergo exocytosis. 4-some neurotransmitters bind to receptors in postsynaptic cell 5-or binding causes a response in the postsynaptic cell 6-or NT are degraded by enzymes 7-or brought back to the presynaptic cell to be recycled 8-or they diffuse out of the synaptic cleft

The nervous system has 3 different categories(9)

1-Afferent/somatic division 2-Central processing components 3-Efferent/motor division

Electrical perspective of the cardiac (or heartbeat) cycle (13)

1-SA node pacemaker cells generate spontaneous action potentials, (as a group, since they are interconnected). Conduction fibers transmit the action potentials to contractile cells of the atrial walls. The atria contract 2-Conduction fibers also transmit the action potentials the the pacemaker cells of the AV node. Those pacemaker cells are slow to respond, which generate a 0.1 second delay. But then they fire action potentials as a group as well. 3-the atrioventricular bundle (a bundle of conduction fibers) carries the signal to the right and left bundle branches. The AV bundle is the only electrical connection between atria and ventricles. 4-the left and right bundle branches carry the signal to branches known as purkinje fibers 5-purkinje fibers carry the signal to contractile cells of the ventricles. The ventricles then contract.

cross bridge cycle steps (12)

1-binding of myosin to actin *Ca+ must be present 2-powerstroke 3-rigor 4-unbinding of myosin to actin *ATP must be present 5-cocking of the myosin head

Vision pathway(10)

1-cells called retinal ganglion cells, in the retina, then send the info to the thalamus (along the optic nerves, also known as cranial nerve II) 2-cells in the thalamus relay the info to the occipital loves

vision processing(10)

1-cells in different areas of the occipital loves receive info about different parts of the world. The left field is mapped onto the right occipital lobe. The right field is mapped onto the left occipital lobe. These are examples of neural maps. 2-the occipital lobe analyzes basic characteristics of a scene, like the boundaries of objects, color at different locations, and depth of different elements. 3-Humans have the best vision of any animal, from the perspective of analyzing a scene and forming a complex mental image of what we are seeing.

primary sensory neuron pathway(10)

1-detect stimulus with nerve endings in skin or proprioceptive organ 2-primary sensory neuron cell body in a posterior root ganglion or ganglion of the head 3-primary sensory neuron axon travels to the region of the secondary sensory neuron cell body

2 advantages mostly easily seen in the systemic circuit (13)

1-every organ gets freshly oxygenated blood. If you went in series, the last organ in line would see quite deoxygenated blood. 2-body can independently regulate blood flow to different organs. At different times, you can adjust how much goes to different places.

Somatic voluntary movements and the direct pathway (11)

1-movement planned by frontal lobe and decides to begin a move with a goal in mind 2-first signs of the move are sent by primary motor neurons in the frontal lobe with axons reaching down the spinal cord (brainstem for facial) The primary motor neurons synapse on, and activate secondary motor neurons in the anterior portion of spinal gray matter (or brainstem) 3-At the same time, the cerebellum and subcortical nuclei are informed of the intended movement 4-the secondary motor neurons relay the message, through a spinal nerve(cranial for facial) to the proper skeletal muscles, to cause contraction. Contractions begins. 5-proprioceptive signals are relayed back through the spinal cord to the cerebellum and subcortical nuclei 6-the cerebellum (and some subcortical nuclei) then send adjustments to the frontal lobe (via thalamus) to correct errors to move forward as planned.

taste pathway(10)

1-signals travel in cranial nerves to the brain 2-cranial nerve VII (facial) and IX (glossopharyngeal) to the brainstem, and the brainstem relays the info to the thalamus 3-signals arrive in the thalamus, and the thalamic neurons project to the insula lobe

During ___________ in the heart, the ventricles are beginning to contract, but blood is not leaving the ventricles. (13)

early systole

vision detection(10)

1-starts in the retinas where the photoreceptor/rod/cone cells detect light 2-photoreceptor cells contain proteins called opsins (which are GPCRs). Opsins are activated by incoming photons of light. When opsins in a photoreceptor cell are activated, the cell alters its level of neurotransmitter release, so the visual information is transformed into neural information. 3-At this point, the info is all localized to 'pinpoints' like pixels on a camera. There is no awareness of the locations of different objects, for example.

Hearing pathway (10)

1-the projections of these afferent neurons make up part of the cranial nerve that carries auditory information to the brain 2-cranial nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear) is the cranial nerve to the brainstem, and the brainstem relays the info to the thalamus 3-signals arrive in the thalamus and the thalamic neurons project to the temporal lobe

After traveling through the pulmonary arteries, blood will next enter the _______.(13)

pulmonary capillaries

Muscles cells are ______ ________, and most can fire action potentials, similar to those of neurons. (12)

electrically excitable

Initial source- (12)

ATP present in the muscle cell. This lasts less than a second during contraction.

hearing pathway(10)

Auditory nerve ----> midbrain ----> thalamus ----> primary auditory cortex

Control of smooth muscle is ________.(9)

Autonomic motor function

Nervous system regions(9)

CNS and PNS

Cardiac output (13)

CO=HRxSV the rate at which the ventricles pump blood depends on the heart rate and the volume of blood pumped in each heartbeat

As neurons release neurotransmitter from an axon terminal, what is the signal that DIRECTLY leads to vesicle fusion? (8)

Calcium

Our sense of smell relies on detection of odorants by _______.(10)

GPCRs

special senses(9)

HEAD -vision-retina -hearing-cochlea -olfaction-olfactory epithelium -taste-taste buds -Equilibrium-vestibular apparatus

Average values for CO, HR, and SV during light exercise (13)

HR-135 SV-0.07 liters per beat CO-11 liters per minute

Average values for CO, HR, and SV at rest (13)

HR-72 SV-0.07 liters per beat CO-HRxSV-5 liters per minute.

Which structure in the auditory system changes the physical signals of sound into neural signals? (10)

Hair cells

cranial reflex example (9)

pupil changing diameter

What CNS structure releases hormones and regulates core body temperature? (9)

Hypothalamus

Visceral senses(9)

INTERNAL ORGANS consciously aware of hunger, thirst, nausea, temperature, and bladder fulness not consciously aware of BP and pH

Autonomic motor neurons in the spinal cord are found in the ____.(9)

Lateral horn

Push pull mechanisms (11)

Like the gas and break on a car, this gives you a finer control of a variable

efferent/motor division(9)

OUT of brain and spinal cord sends commands to effectors(muscle tissues or glands) to carry out decisions made by the central processing components

Example 2 of integration (8)

Motor neuron in the salivary nuclei in the brainstem, that responds to the smell of food, the sight of a clock showing noon, the sight of food or of other people eating. This neuron would then help stimulate secretion from a salivary gland.

smell processing (10)

Neurons in the temporal lobe process olfactory information.

Afferent/sensory division (9)

Neurons that collect info about the outside world and internal state of the body

Dual innervation (11)

Note that most of the organs that are innervated by the ANS are innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

Butterfly shaped gray matter divided into 4 regions(9)

Posterior dorsal horn Secondary-somatic and visceral Anterior ventral horn Lateral horn

Where are the cell bodies of retinal ganglion cells? (10)

Retina

2 categories to motor activity(9)

Somatic and Automatic

Which brain structure is a relay for multiple types of sensory information, and participates in attention? (10)

Thalamus

The sensation of urinary bladder fullness is an example of _____.(9)

Visceral sensory function

a single thin filament consists of (12)

a double helix of F actin plus regulatory proteins (troponin complexes, and tropomysin)

fascicles (12)

a group of hundreds or thousands of muscles cells that are also called fibers.

Chemical synapse (8)

a junction between a neuron and another cell (a neuron or other cell type like a muscle cell)

cerebral cortex(9)

a layer of neurons 3 mm thick that covers the cerebrum

motor unit (12)

a motor neuron, and all the muscle fibers it innervates

heart (13)

a muscular pump (two pumps in one)

sarcoplasmic reticulum (12)

a network of membrane enclosed sacs within the cell

titin (12)

a protein with elasticity

blood (13)

a viscous fluid that circulates around the body, carrying substances to and from tissues

we use visual cues to (11)

adjust movements

Reflexes(9)

are automatic, patterned responses to certain sensory stimulation

The cardiovascular system has 3 components (3)

heart, blood vessels, blood and blood

3 types of blood vessels (13)

arteries, veins, capillary beds

basic anatomy of the heart (13)

atria, ventricles, and valves

smooth and cardiac muscles are the effectors of the ____ nervous system (12)

autonomic

CNS(9)

brain and spinal cord

arteries (13)

carry blood away from the heart

veins (13)

carry blood toward the heart

Where are the pre-ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division of the ANS? (11)

brainstem or sacral spinal cord

taste processing (10)

by neurons to the insula

somatic senses(9)

collected from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints touch, pressure, pain, temp, and proprioception

ganglia(9)

collection of neuron cell bodies outside of the CNS

Central processing components(9)

collection of neurons in the brain and spinal cord store memories, reflexes, planning, emotions, and language functions.

Visceral senses detection (10)

consciously : hunger, thirst, nausea, core body temp, & full bladder unconscious : BP and pH. most are detected by neurons that have nerve endings in different organs and have cell bodies in posterior root ganglia or head ganglia

PNS(9)

cranial, spinal nerves and ganglia

reflex types(9)

cranial, spinal, autonomic or somatic

If stimulus continues in ATP powered muscle contraction (12)

creatine phosphate in the cell is used as a supply of phosphate groups. These are transferred as ADP to make ATP. This lasts a few seconds. -during those first seconds, the cell is ramping up other ways to make ATP.

myofibrils (12)

cylindrical bundles of several kinds of protein which run the length of the muscle fiber

to decrease heart rate, you can (11)

decrease sympathetic signaling and increase paraympathetic signaling

Heart simple basic function (13)

delivers water, nutrients, wastes, gases, hormones, immune system cells, and other substances to the appropriate places in the body.

excitatory synapse (8)

depolarizes postsynaptic cell-makes Vm more positive

neural map (11)

different regions within the primary cortex in the frontal lobe control different muscles.

Except in infants, conscious permission is required to-(11)

disinhibit the urination and defecation reflexes

Heart chambers (do/do not) exert force when they are expanding during diastole, so they do not 'suck' blood in. Like all muscles, the heart muscle only exerts force in the direction in which it contracts, and for the heart, this means squeezing blood.) Blood flows into a chamber simply because it is being forced in due to the higher pressure in the more _______ location. (13)

do not, upstream

blood does/does not go directly back back and forth between left and right sides of the heart (13)

does not

The sympathetic promotes processes associated with-(11)

excitation, fear, and physical activity

transverse or T tubules (12)

extensions of the sarcolemma which extend down the cell

muscles contain many ______ (12)

fascicles

If a situation is very stressful, the hypothalamus will initiate : (11)

fight or flight response

Among these events, which is most directly responsible for contraction of atrial walls of the heart? (13)

firing of pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node

blood flow (13)

flows from an area of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure, unless it is mechanically blocked by a valve -recall that blood is only supposed to flow one way through the cardiovascular system. Valves are an important part of how the cardiovascular system ensure flow in only one direction despite the fluctuations in pressure that occur in many places in the system.

All muscles contract to generate a (12)

force

fight or flight response (11)

heart: increase HR and force of heartbeats blood vessels: a shift in blood flow, away from the GI tract, to skeletal and cardiac muscle lungs: dilations of smooth muscle in the walls of bronchioles, to allow increased oxygen delivery to body adrenal glands: stimulation of adrenaline secretion

Semilunar heart valves function to prevent the unwanted flow of blood _______.(13)

from arteries to ventricles

cerebral cortex lobes(9)

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, and insula

mitochondria (12)

generate vast quantities of ATP

Example 1 of integration (8)

higher order sensory neuron, probably in the inferior temporal gyrus that can recognize a basketball

withdrawal reflex (11)

if you touch a hot stove, or step on a nail, muscles in your arm or leg will contract to withdraw your limb from danger

the systemic and pulmonary circuit are ____ with eachother. However, within each circuit, blood flows in ______ (13)

in series, parallel

thermoreceptors(10)

in skin that detect temperature

mechanoreceptors(10)

in skin that detect touch and vibration

Cross-extensor reflex(9)

in the lower limbs, extends (straightens) the leg that has to support the body weight as the withdrawal reflex is flexing(bending) the leg that stepped on a nail.

to increase heart rate, you can (11)

increase sympathetic signaling and decrease parasympathetic signaling

When the atria or ventricles are filling, the pressure inside them ________. However, their pressure increases most quickly when they are ______. (13)

increases, contracting

thick filaments (12)

indirectly attach to z line, through titin

amygdala(9)

involved in emotions and moods

the ____ of ATP is key to muscle metabolism (12)

key

During sustained, heavy exercise, cells are mostly glycolysis coupled with (12)

lactic acid fermentation (although they still get some energy from the oxidative phosphorylation)

cerebrum(9)

left and right hemisphere cerebral cortex & cerebral nuclei in hemispheres

brainstem(9)

main functions: -regulates alertness (with a group of neurons called the reticular activating system) -regulates posture -contains respiratory centers for breathing and depth rate -contains cardio center for blood flow in heart and blood vessels

systole (13)

means contraction.

diastole (13)

means relaxation. We often focus on ventricular diastole.

Lateral horn(9)

motor functions-autonomic motor neurons

Anterior ventral horn(9)

motor functions-somatic motor neurons

It's clear how ____ neurons (in the ______ nuclei for example) could stimulate glandular cells (or muscle cells) to drive gland or motor activity. (8)

motor, salivary

ATP powers ______ (12)

muscle contraction

What division of the nervous system drives increased contraction of the muscle of the urinary bladder? (11)

parasympathetic

What division of the nervous system drives increased secretion of saliva? (11)

parasympathetic

somatic reflexes (9)

muscle spindles, stretch reflex, simplest reflex, knee-jerk reflex, withdrawal reflex, and cross-extensor reflex

For ______, the purpose the purpose of the electrical excitation is to cause _______ and to ______ (12)

muscles, contraction of the cell, to generate force

spinal nerves(9)

nerves that arise from the spinal cord

cranial nerves(9)

nerves that arise in the brain

For _____, the purpose of the electrical excitation is the _________ (12)

neurons, meaning of its conveys

The change is membrane potential due to a single presynaptic axon exciting a postsynaptic cell is usually _____ to cause the cell to fire an action potential. (8)

not enough

Withdrawal reflex(9)

occurs when a body part is exposed to a painful stimulus (stepping on a nail, touching a hot stove)

Detection of limb position and movement is performed by neurons called _________.(10)

proprioceptors

simplest reflex (9)

protects muscles from sudden stretching-helps maintain posture and balance-found in skeletal muscles

blood becomes oxygenated in the ______ circuit (13)

pulmonary

There are 2 main circuits of blood flow in the body (13)

pulmonary & systemic

The S&P work in dual innervation but they are generally in ______ in eachother (11)

opposition

parts of the cochlea(10)

oval window perilymph fluid vestibular, tectorial, and basilar membranes

different kids of muscles specialize more in one or the other of these. Dark or red muscle specializes more in ________. Light or white muscle specialize more in ______(12)

oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis

Match the cardiovascular component with the kind of blood normally found within it. Pulmonary veins Pulmonary arteries Left atrium Right ventricle Systemic arteries

oxygenated deoxygenated oxygenated deoxygenated oxygenated

types of cardiac muscle cells (13)

pacemaker cells, conduction fibers, and contractile cells

nociceptors(10)

pain receptors in skin that detect tissue damage (hot stove, stubbing toe)

nocioreceptors (9)

pain sensitive neurons-activate interneurons that then (working thru efferent neurons) stimulate contraction of muscles that can pull us away from the pain, and relaxation of muscles that would counter that movement.

Cerebral nuclei(9)

paired collections of gray matter deep within the white matter of each hemisphere

Match the nervous system component to its function in the direct motor pathway. frontal lobe (11)

plan and initiate voluntary movements

sarcolemma (12)

plasma membrane

Presynaptic neuron sends signals to (8)

postsynaptic cells

By waiting for a _______ of positive (excitatory) evidence, (and by receiving excitatory and inhibitory signals from the appropriate presynaptic cells), the firing of a postsynaptic neuron can have some meaning. (8)

preponderance

It's clear how activity of _____ motor neurons (in the ____, for example) could use the processes to stimulate higher sensory neurons, leading to activity in the cortex that corresponds to visual analysis of a scene. (8)

primary, retina

pathways(10)

primary, secondary, and tertiary

The process of neural integration, or neural summation, allows neurons to _________.(8)

process information

temporal lobe(9)

processing auditory info and processing olfactory info

parietal lobe(9)

processing of somatic sensory information (like touch), understanding language, mathematical ability

insula (9)

processing taste info

occipital lobe (9)

processing visual info

heart sounds (the lub-dub sounds) are due to the ______ as the valves close (13)

rush of blood

The network of membrane enclosed sacs in a skeletal muscle cell, which releases Calcium as part of excitation contraction coupling, is the _______.(12)

sarcoplasmic reticulum

proprioception(9)

sensation of position and movement of body parts, angles of joints, and muscle load

Posterior/dorsal horn(9)

sensory functions secondary somatic sensory neurons secondary visceral neurons

In skeletal muscle cells, how many myosin molecules are found within a single thick filament? (12)

several hundred

Changes in Vm are the largest at ______ and degrade as they go toward _____ ______. Gives strength advantages to synapses closer to axon hillock. (8)

site of origin, axon hillock

Taste detection (10)

some use GPCRs

neuromuscular junction (12)

specialized synapses of neurons onto the muscle fiber

skin (11)

stimulates contraction of erector pili muscles, sweating mostly in palms, soles, and forehead

We are beginning to understand some of the processes of memory formation, which involve___(8)

strengthening synapses and forming new synapses

A postsynaptic cell does (8)

summation

There are 2 ways to build force (12)

summation and recruitment

thalamus (10)

synaptic relay station for sensory info on its way to the cerebral cortex -involved in attention -it interacts with the cortex in the process of attention. The frontal and parietal lobes are thought to be critical in choosing what we choose to pay attention to. The thalamus then emphasizes the correct sensory input

blood becomes deoxygenated in the _____ circuit (13)

systemic

Diencephalon(9)

thalamus and hypothalamus

the different muscle types use somewhat different mechanisms for contraction, but (12)

the basic idea is similar in all 3 types

z lines (12)

the boundaries between neighboring sarcomeres

reflex arch(9)

the chain of cells involved in a reflex -sensory receptor -afferent neuron(also sensory sometimes-stretch reflex) -integration center -efferent neuron(also integration center sometimes-stretch reflex) -effector organ(muscle tissue or gland tissue)

Experiencing or thinking about something relaxing can drive ANS (11)

the cortex and hypothalamus will stimulate the brainstem to act through the ANS to decrease heart rate(and other effects)

Experiencing or thinking about something stressful can drive ANS activity (11)

the cortex and hypothalamus will stimulate the brainstem to act through the ANS to increase heart rate and other effects

recruitment (12)

the nervous system can recruit multiple motor units within the muscle, to generate more force

the direct pathway for motor control (11)

the path from the motor cortex to the skeletal muscle

Graded potential changes originate at ______. (8)

the post-synaptic side of a synapse

In skeletal muscle cells, the step of the crossbridge cycle that actually shortens the sarcomere is ________. (12)

the power stroke

Cardiac Output (CO) (13)

the rate at which a ventricle pumps blood (liters per minute)

Heart Rate (HR) (13)

the rate of contractions of the ventricles (beats per minute)

sarcomeres (12)

the repeating units of the cylindrical myofibril

hearing processing (10)

the temporal lobe has a map of different pitches

AV node (13)

these normally are stimulated by impulses traveling from the SA node

SA node(13)

these normally control the initiation of a heartbeat cycle

Neurons fire an action potential every time that _______.(8)

they reach threshold

In contracting skeletal muscle cells, which event causes the crossbridge cycle to stop running? (12)

transport of calcium into sarcoplasmic reticulum

2 divisions with dual innervation (11)

unlike some somatic neurons, ANS motor neurons (both sym and para) relay in ganglia in the PNS. (except or adrenal)

somatic senses(10)

use a wide array of neuron types proprioceptors, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and nociceptors

Equlibrium (10)

uses a mechanism similar to hearing but depends on pressure changes due to acceleration, not sound waves

There are 4 defined phases of the heartbeat cycle (13)

ventricular filling, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, and isovolumetric relaxation

the left frontal lobe initiates voluntary movements that control the right side of the body and (11)

vice versa

Classic negative feedback loops are sometimes called (11)

visceral reflexes for the sensory component and autonomic reflexes for the motor component

special senses(10)

vision, hearing, taste, smell, equilibrium

Stroke Volume (SV) (13)

volume of blood pumped by a ventricle in one contraction (liters per beat)

frontal lobe(9)

voluntary motor control, planning, decision making, and personality

knee jerk(9)

when the patellar tendon is stretched, muscle spindle sensory neurons were activated

capillary beds (13)

where material exchanges between the blood and the interstitial fluid, occurs