Chapter 34: Special Senses
Beginning with the outermost later on top, rank the structures in which light passes from outside the eye to the photoreceptors of the eye.
1. Cornea 2. pupil 3. lens 4. fluid in the eye
Order in which odors are processed from the nose to the brain.
1. Olfgactory receptor 2. Olfactory nerve 3. Olfactory bulb 4. Olfactory tract 5. Cerebrum
Each eyeball has _____ extrinsic eye muscles attached to it that move the eyeball superiorly, inferiorly, laterally, or medially.
6
Which of the following is a type of hearing loss that occurs when sound waves cannot be directed through the ear? Most types are temporary.
Conductive deafness
Which of the following are eye changes due to aging?
Drier conjunctiva Corneal yellowing Drooping eyelids
Which of the following are ear changes due to aging?
Earlobes elongate. The eardrum shrinks.
Which structure initiates sound conduction?
External ear
Which of the following are middle ear bones?
Incus Malleus Stapes
Which of the following is a disorder of the equilibrium characterized by vertigo, tinnitus, nausea, and progressive hearing loss?
Meniere's disease
_______ often results from the spread of an upper respiratory infection from the throat into the eustachian tube.
Otitis media
Which of the following conditions is hearing loss due to old age?
Presbycusis
Acoustic neuroma is due to a malfunction in the gene responsible for controlling the growth of
Schwann cells.
Which of the following conditions occurs when neural structures associated with the ear are damaged. Neural structures include hearing receptors and the auditory nerve?
Sensorineural deafness
______ is a process in which a chemical can stimulate receptors only for a limited amount of time until the receptors eventually no longer respond to the chemical.
Sensory adaptation
What is located on each taste bud that is responsible for transmitting taste sensations to the cranial nerves in the brain?
Sensory nerves
Conjunctivas
______ are mucous membranes that line the inner surfaces of the eyelids and cover the anterior surface of the eyeball.
Dry eye syndrome
______ is a condition caused by decreased oil production in the tears.
Tinnitus
______ is abnormal ringing in the ear.
Retinal detachment
______ occurs when the neural tunic separates from the vascular tunic.
The ability of the lens to change shape, allowing the eye to focus images of objects that are near or far away, is called
accommodation.
The causes of ectropion are
aging.
The function of the middle ear ossicles is to
amplify sound.
Tears act as a lubricant and a(n) _______ to protect the eyes from microorganisms.
antimicrobial
The anterior chamber of the eye is filled with a watery fluid called
aqueous humor.
A wedge-shaped thickening in the middle layer of the eyeball that contains the muscles that control the shape of the lens is the
ciliary body.
The hearing receptors of the ear are located in the
cochlea.
The opening in the middle ear, leading to the back of the throat, that helps equalize air pressure on both sides of the eardrum is the
eustachian tube.
Ectropion
eversion of lower eyelid
The visual accessory organs that assist and protect the eyeball include the
eyebrows. orbits. lacrimal apparatus. conjunctiva. eyelashes and extrinsic eye muscles
Signs and symptoms of retinal detachment include
light flashes. wavy vision. sudden loss of vision.
The ______ is the corneal-scleral junction, which is the area where the sclera gives way to the clear covering of the iris.
limbus
The conjunctivas produce _______, which keep the surface of the eyeballs moist.
mucus
Chemicals that activate olfactory receptors must be dissolved in the
mucus of the nose.
The ______ nerve carries visual information from the eye to the brain.
optic
The area where the optic nerve enters the retina is known as the
optic disk.
The muscle of the eyelid responsible for blinking and squinting is the
orbicularis oculi.
The medical term for the eye socket is
orbit.
The inner ear infections labyrinthitis is also known as
otitis interna.
Immobilization or hardening of the stapes is known as
otosclerosis.
The stapes is attached to the ______ of the inner ear.
oval window
Cerumen impaction may be caused by
overactive ceruminous glands. improper cleaning of the ear canal.
The factors that can lead to presbycusis include
prolonged exposure to loud noise. loss of hair cells in the cochlea.
In bright light the _______ becomes constricted, and in dim light it becomes dilated.
pupil
The inner layer the eye consists of the
retina.
The chemoreceptors of gustatory cells are activated by chemicals that must be dissolved in
saliva.
Umami produces a ______ taste.
savory meaty
The extrinsic eye muscles are composed of ________ muscle.
skeletal
The inner ear contains
the vestibule. the cochlea. semicircular canals.
The condition in which the cornea has an abnormal shape and causes blurred images during near or distant vision is
astigmatism.
When sound waves of different volumes and frequencies activate the hearing receptors in the cochlea, they send their information to ______ nerves.
auditory
The external ear is composed of the
auricle. external auditory canal.
A sign or symptom of astigmatism is
blurred vision.
Sound waves are conducted through the bones of the skull by way of
bone conduction
The process by which sound waves pass through the bones of the skull directly to the inner ear, bypassing the outer and middle ears, is called
bone conduction.
Olfactory receptors are
chemoreceptors.
The outer layer of the eye is composed of the
cornea. sclera.
Cerumen is commonly known as
earwax.
The ______ protects the eye from foreign objects, dust, and debris and keeps the eye from drying out.
eyelid
When there is an accumulation of aqueous humor, a person develops a visual condition known as
glaucoma.
The amino acid that produces the umami taste sensation is
glutamate.
Which part of the brain processes information about taste?
gustatory cortex
The sensory receptors of the special senses are located
in the head.
entropion
inversion of the lower eyelid
The ______ is the colored part of the eye, made of muscular tissue that contracts and relaxes, altering the size of the pupil.
iris
Common signs and symptoms of dry eye syndrome include
itching. redness. burning.
The function of the vitreous humor is to
keep the retina flat help maintain the eye's shape.
The ______, located on the lateral edge of each eyeball, produces tears.
lacrimal gland
Taste buds are microscopic structures on the
papillae.
The special senses are
smell. hearing. vision. taste. equilibrium.
Otosclerosis is often accompanied by
tinnitus.
If bone conduction is normal, a hearing problem likely involves the
tympanic cavity. outer ear.
The ______ separates the external ear from the middle ear.
tympanic membrane
The posterior chamber of the eye is filled with a thick, jellylike fluid called
vitreous humor.
The round shape of the eyeball is maintained by the gel-like
vitreous humor.