Chapter 34: Special Senses

Beginning with the outermost later on top, rank the structures in which light passes from outside the eye to the photoreceptors of the eye.

1. Cornea 2. pupil 3. lens 4. fluid in the eye

Order in which odors are processed from the nose to the brain.

1. Olfgactory receptor 2. Olfactory nerve 3. Olfactory bulb 4. Olfactory tract 5. Cerebrum

Each eyeball has _____ extrinsic eye muscles attached to it that move the eyeball superiorly, inferiorly, laterally, or medially.

6

Which of the following is a type of hearing loss that occurs when sound waves cannot be directed through the ear? Most types are temporary.

Conductive deafness

Which of the following are eye changes due to aging?

Drier conjunctiva Corneal yellowing Drooping eyelids

Which of the following are ear changes due to aging?

Earlobes elongate. The eardrum shrinks.

Which structure initiates sound conduction?

External ear

Which of the following are middle ear bones?

Incus Malleus Stapes

Which of the following is a disorder of the equilibrium characterized by vertigo, tinnitus, nausea, and progressive hearing loss?

Meniere's disease

_______ often results from the spread of an upper respiratory infection from the throat into the eustachian tube.

Otitis media

Which of the following conditions is hearing loss due to old age?

Presbycusis

Acoustic neuroma is due to a malfunction in the gene responsible for controlling the growth of

Schwann cells.

Which of the following conditions occurs when neural structures associated with the ear are damaged. Neural structures include hearing receptors and the auditory nerve?

Sensorineural deafness

______ is a process in which a chemical can stimulate receptors only for a limited amount of time until the receptors eventually no longer respond to the chemical.

Sensory adaptation

What is located on each taste bud that is responsible for transmitting taste sensations to the cranial nerves in the brain?

Sensory nerves

Conjunctivas

______ are mucous membranes that line the inner surfaces of the eyelids and cover the anterior surface of the eyeball.

Dry eye syndrome

______ is a condition caused by decreased oil production in the tears.

Tinnitus

______ is abnormal ringing in the ear.

Retinal detachment

______ occurs when the neural tunic separates from the vascular tunic.

The ability of the lens to change shape, allowing the eye to focus images of objects that are near or far away, is called

accommodation.

The causes of ectropion are

aging.

The function of the middle ear ossicles is to

amplify sound.

Tears act as a lubricant and a(n) _______ to protect the eyes from microorganisms.

antimicrobial

The anterior chamber of the eye is filled with a watery fluid called

aqueous humor.

A wedge-shaped thickening in the middle layer of the eyeball that contains the muscles that control the shape of the lens is the

ciliary body.

The hearing receptors of the ear are located in the

cochlea.

The opening in the middle ear, leading to the back of the throat, that helps equalize air pressure on both sides of the eardrum is the

eustachian tube.

Ectropion

eversion of lower eyelid

The visual accessory organs that assist and protect the eyeball include the

eyebrows. orbits. lacrimal apparatus. conjunctiva. eyelashes and extrinsic eye muscles

Signs and symptoms of retinal detachment include

light flashes. wavy vision. sudden loss of vision.

The ______ is the corneal-scleral junction, which is the area where the sclera gives way to the clear covering of the iris.

limbus

The conjunctivas produce _______, which keep the surface of the eyeballs moist.

mucus

Chemicals that activate olfactory receptors must be dissolved in the

mucus of the nose.

The ______ nerve carries visual information from the eye to the brain.

optic

The area where the optic nerve enters the retina is known as the

optic disk.

The muscle of the eyelid responsible for blinking and squinting is the

orbicularis oculi.

The medical term for the eye socket is

orbit.

The inner ear infections labyrinthitis is also known as

otitis interna.

Immobilization or hardening of the stapes is known as

otosclerosis.

The stapes is attached to the ______ of the inner ear.

oval window

Cerumen impaction may be caused by

overactive ceruminous glands. improper cleaning of the ear canal.

The factors that can lead to presbycusis include

prolonged exposure to loud noise. loss of hair cells in the cochlea.

In bright light the _______ becomes constricted, and in dim light it becomes dilated.

pupil

The inner layer the eye consists of the

retina.

The chemoreceptors of gustatory cells are activated by chemicals that must be dissolved in

saliva.

Umami produces a ______ taste.

savory meaty

The extrinsic eye muscles are composed of ________ muscle.

skeletal

The inner ear contains

the vestibule. the cochlea. semicircular canals.

The condition in which the cornea has an abnormal shape and causes blurred images during near or distant vision is

astigmatism.

When sound waves of different volumes and frequencies activate the hearing receptors in the cochlea, they send their information to ______ nerves.

auditory

The external ear is composed of the

auricle. external auditory canal.

A sign or symptom of astigmatism is

blurred vision.

Sound waves are conducted through the bones of the skull by way of

bone conduction

The process by which sound waves pass through the bones of the skull directly to the inner ear, bypassing the outer and middle ears, is called

bone conduction.

Olfactory receptors are

chemoreceptors.

The outer layer of the eye is composed of the

cornea. sclera.

Cerumen is commonly known as

earwax.

The ______ protects the eye from foreign objects, dust, and debris and keeps the eye from drying out.

eyelid

When there is an accumulation of aqueous humor, a person develops a visual condition known as

glaucoma.

The amino acid that produces the umami taste sensation is

glutamate.

Which part of the brain processes information about taste?

gustatory cortex

The sensory receptors of the special senses are located

in the head.

entropion

inversion of the lower eyelid

The ______ is the colored part of the eye, made of muscular tissue that contracts and relaxes, altering the size of the pupil.

iris

Common signs and symptoms of dry eye syndrome include

itching. redness. burning.

The function of the vitreous humor is to

keep the retina flat help maintain the eye's shape.

The ______, located on the lateral edge of each eyeball, produces tears.

lacrimal gland

Taste buds are microscopic structures on the

papillae.

The special senses are

smell. hearing. vision. taste. equilibrium.

Otosclerosis is often accompanied by

tinnitus.

If bone conduction is normal, a hearing problem likely involves the

tympanic cavity. outer ear.

The ______ separates the external ear from the middle ear.

tympanic membrane

The posterior chamber of the eye is filled with a thick, jellylike fluid called

vitreous humor.

The round shape of the eyeball is maintained by the gel-like

vitreous humor.