Chapter 36, neurology
herpes simplex
"cold sores"; clear vesicles with red base that evolve into pustules, usually at lip-skin junction.
Neuron Structure
1. Dendrites 2. Cell body 3. Nucleus 4. Axon 5. Mylin shealth 6. Terminal end fibers 7. Synapse (space)
Two common types of ischemic stokes: thrombotic stroke
A blood clot forms in an artery, blocking the blood to part of the brain
Two common types of ischemic stokes: embolic stroke
A blood clot or other debris forms elsewhere in the body and moves into the brain arteries, blocking the blood flow.
Types of headaches: tension headache
A mild to moderate pain often described as feeling like a tight band around the head.
A chemical that helps a nerve cell communicate with another nerve cell or muscle is
A neurotransmitter
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
A progressive neurological disorder that attacks the motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. Genetic component.
Types of Spina Bifida: myelomeningocele
A sac containing fluid, part of the spinal cord, and nerves come through the opening in the infant's back.
Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)
A test that is used to measure cognitive ability, especially in late adulthood. a structured tool that clinicians use as a brief screening device to assess neurocognitive disorders
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Acquired brain injury. Can occur as result of falls, motor vehicle accidents, violence, sports injuries, and service in military combat zones.
Alzheimer's disease is most commonly diagnosed in which age group?
After age 60
Three types of cerebrovascular accident (CVA): transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Also called a "mini-stroke". The blood supply to a part of the brain is briefly blocked.
Cerebrobascular accident (CVA)
Also called a stroke. Emergency department will perform physical and neurological examination. Blood tests and imaging tests will indicate type of stroke, which will determine treatment.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
An autoimmune neurodegenerative disorder that affects brain and spinal cord. Often occurs between ages of 20 to 40. Corticosteroid medication may be given to reduce nerve inflammation.
Shaken baby syndrome.
Appropriately one fourth of these infants die of their injuries. Use PURPLE acronym: peak of crying, unexpected, resists soothing, pain-like face, long lasting, evening.
Which structure of a nerve cell Carrie's impulses away from the cell body?
Axon
The central nervous system contains which structures?
Brain and spinal cord
The pons is located in the
Brainstem
cervical nerves
C1-C8
Diagnostic procedures for neurologic conditions: cerebral spinal fluid analysis
CSF is analyzed to determine any abnormalities
lumbar puncture (LP) or spinal tap
CSF is withdrawn from between two lumbar vertebrae for analysis.
Seizure disorders.
Can be caused by medications, high fevers, head injuries, diseases, and illegal drugs. Neurological exam. EEG, CT, MRI, PET, and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scans
spinal cord injury.
Can be complete or incomplete. Quadriplegia (4): spinal cord injury affects arms, hands, trunk, legs and pelvic organs. Paraplegia (2): spinal cord injury affects some or all of the trunk, legs, and pelvic organs.
Neuroglia (glial cells)
Care for and support neurons throughout the body. It doesn't have electrical impulse
Nervous system is made up of two types of cells: neurons (parenchymal cells)
Carry out work of nervous system . It has electrical impulse
shingles (herpes zoster)
Caused by varicella zoster virus. Beginning symptoms include tingling, pain, or itching on one side of body or face, usually on the torso. No cure, depending on pain, provider may also order anticonvulsants, antidepressants, or analgesics.
Meningitis.
Caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi. Bacterial meningitis is most serious; symptoms include high fever, severe headache, stiff neck, photophobia, confusion, seizures
Drugs of abuse include
Cocaine, heroin, prescription opioids. All of the above
Physiology of the nervous system: three main function of nervous system
Collecting information about the external and internal environment, processing information and making decisions about action (interpreting), directing the body to put into action the decisions made (acting)
Disorder of the nervous system
Common signs and symptoms of neurological disorders: neuralgia, spasms, recurrent headache, visual change, memory loss, difficulty, speaking or finding the right word, confusion, disorientation, or loss of consciousness
Nervous system divided into two main parts: Central nervous system (CNS)
Composed of the brain and the spinal cord.
Nervous system divided into two main parts: peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Composed of the cranial and spinal nerves
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear fluid that resembles water and it has three roles:
Cushions brain and spinal cord, removes waste products from cerebral metabolism, supplies nutrients to nervous system tissues.
Which term means an unshakable belief in something untrue?
Delusion
Risk factors for Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
Family history of stoke, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes, overweight.
Life span changes in neurological system
Infants are born with an immature nervous system. Myelination causes an increase in child's brain size. As person ages, nervous system changes: slower reaction time, tasks may take longer, reflexes can be reduced
Meningitis
Infection and inflammation of the meninges and CSF of the brain and spinal cord.
Encephalitis
Inflammation of brain. Typically caused by a viral infection from a mosquito or tick bite
Tumors
Initial symptoms are headaches, vomiting, dizziness, diplopia, and alterations in muscle strength and coordination. Lung cancer, breast cancer, and melanoma frequently spread to the brain by metastasis. As brain tumors grow, they cause serious problems and complications for the patient because of the limited space inside the skull.
Three membranes of meninges: pia mater (soft mother)
Innermost layer of meninges
Alzheimer's disease (AD)
Leading/most common cause of dementia. Signs and symptoms begin slowly. Affects thinking, reasoning, making judgments and decisions, memory, and performing familiar tasks. Medication may help treat cognitive symptoms: cholinesterase inhibitors, memantine
Which is not a symptom of depression?
Loss of interest in hobbies
spina bifida
Neural tube defect that occurs when spinal column does not close during first month of pregnancy.
quadriplegic
No body movement from the neck down
Which could be a sign or symptoms of a cerebrovascular accident?
Numbness or weakness of the face, leg or arm. Difficulty speaking, loss of balance coordination. All of the above
spinal cord injury
Occur when a blow, gunshot or stabbing fractures or dislocates the vertebrae and the bone pieces cut into cord or press on nerves.
peripheral neuropathy
Occurs as result of damage to peripheral nervous system. Diabetic neuropathy: one of most common forms. Acquired peripheral neuropathy can be caused by: physical injury, diseases, exposure to toxins
Types of headaches: cluster headaches
Occurs in cyclical patterns or clusters
Three types of cerebrovascular accident (CVA): hemorrhagic stroke
Occurs when an artery in the brain leaks or ruptures.
Three types of cerebrovascular accident (CVA): ischemic stroke
Occurs when the arterial blood flow to part of the brain is blocked.
Which subsystem is part of the autonomic nervous system?
Parasympathetic nervous system
Parkinson's disease (PD)
Progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement. Cause unknown; genetics and environmental triggers can increase risk. Signs and symptoms: tremors and pill-rolling tremors, loss of automatic movements, loss of smell, trouble sleeping.
Huntington's disease (HD)
Progressive neurodegenerative disorder.
Nervous system is made up of two types of cells: neuroglia (stromal cells or gila)
Provide supportive function for neurons
A trained medical doctor with four years of residency describes which behavioral health professional?
Psychiatrist
Guillani-Barre Syndrome (GBS)
Rare autoimmune disorder in which immune system attacks peripheral nervous system
Seizure disorders
Sudden increase of electrical activity in one or more parts of brain.
autonomic nervous system has two different nerves systems:
Sympathetic- fight or flight , increase heart, increase glucose, widen bronchioles Parasympathetic- promote rest and digest, decrease heart,
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI).
Symptoms can be mild, moderate, severe, or life-threatening. For severe injuries, emergency personnel will use Glasgow coma scale to assess patient.
Encephalitis.
Symptoms range from mild and flulike to convulsions, coma, and even death. Treatment to ease the symptoms and control fever and seizure activity.
Bell's palsy.
Symptoms typically affect one side of face, risk increases with pregnancy, diabetes, or with upper respiratory viral infection. Medical history and physical examination. Usually symptoms resolve in 2-3 weeks
Types of Spina Bifida: meningocele
The meninges protrude through an abnormal vertebral opening creating sac
12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves
The peripheral nervous system consists of
Assisting with treatment: anesthetics
Used to produce local anesthesia or general anesthesia
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Used to record the brain wave activity of a patient.
Diagnostic procedures for neurologic conditions: cerebral angiography
Used to see how the blood flows through the brain.
Diagnostic procedures for neurologic conditions: electromyography (EMG)
Used to test the health of nerves and muscles
Assisting with treatment: antidepressants
Used to treat depression, anxiety and other neurological disorders
Assisting with treatment: antimigraines
Used to treat migraine headaches
Assisting with treatment: anticonvulsant
Used to treat neuromuscular disorders and epilepsy
Guillani-Barre Syndrome (GBS).
Weakness and tingling start in legs and spread through body. Physical examination and electromyography, nerve conduction studies, and lumbar puncture. Treatment is aimed at relieving the symptoms and supporting breathing if needed.
Epilepsy
a disorder that causes recurring seizures
Anatomy of the nervous system: main structures
brain, spinal cord, nerves
petit mal seizure
characterized by a brief loss of awareness with no loss of consciousness; small seizure
brain: brainstem
controls flow of information from body to brain, composed of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's
electrical stimulation applied through surgically implanted electrodes.
Brain: each cerebral hemisphere is further divided into four lobes
frontal lobe: personality, intelligence, concentration. Parietal lobe: reading, interpreting signals. Occipital lobe: connect images with stored memories . Temporal lobe: process memories and sensations
Brain: cerebellum
gathers input from other parts of the brain and spinal cord to provide accurate timing for coordinated smooth movements
Introductory terms: neurology
healthcare specialty that deals with diseases and disorders of nervous system
Types of Headaches: Migraines
intensity, often accompanied by nausea and sensitivity to light and sound.
The brainstem is composed of these structures
midbrain: connects the hemisphere of the cerebrum with pons. Pons: serves as a bridge between the medulla oblongata and the cerebrum and helps to regulate respirations. Medulla oblongata: lowest part of the brainstem. It also known as emetic (vomiting)
Three membranes of meninges: Dura mater (hard mother)
outer layer of meninges.
paraplegia
paralysis from the waist down
hemiplegia (stroke)
paralysis of half the body
Anatomy of the nervous system: divided as follows.
peripheral nervous system (PNS): which is made up of all the nervous tissue outside of the CNS, including the 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves. It has somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Meninges
protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
Brain: diencephalon
serves as relay station for sensory input neurons and other parts of the brain. It contains thalamus and hypothalamus
Introductory terms: neurologist
specialist involved in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nervous system diseases and disorders
The space below the dura mater is called the
subdural space
the diencephalon also includes two other parts:
thalamus: processes information going to and from the body and the cerebrum Hypothalamus: controls body temperature, hunger, and thirst, also, part of the limbic system
Brain: cerebrum
the largest portion of the brain, the right hemisphere controls artistic functions, left hemisphere controls verbal functions.
brontophobia is the fear of
thunder
grand mal seizure
type of severe seizure with tonic-clonic convulsion
Assisting with treatment: analgesics
used to relieve pain
Diagnostic procedures for neurologic conditions: nerve conduction velocity (NCV) test
Done to test the speed of electrical signals as they move through a nerve.
The nervous system works in partnership with which other system to help the body maintain homeostasis?
Endocrine system
Spinal cord
Extends from the inferior portion of the brainstem to approximately the second lumbar vertebra. 31 pairs of spinal nerves extend out, innervating a specific area of the body.
FAST
Facial drooping, arm weakness, speech difficulties, time
Which term is defined as a fold or convolution on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere?
Gyri
which term means an unreal sensory perception that occurs with no external cause?
Hallucinations
Which anxiety disorder is described as a persistent difficulty getting rid of personal possession?
Hoarding disorder (HD)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Made up of nerves that exit brain or spinal cord. Cranial nerves originate from underside of the brain and relay information to and from sensory organs and the muscles of the face and neck.
Amnesia is defined as
Memory loss
Three membranes of meninges: arachnoid mater
Middle layer of meninges
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) signs and symptoms
Mild muscle problems; trouble walking, running, writing, swallowing and speaking. Tests may be done to rule out conditions, no cure, riluzole may be prescribed to slow symptoms, physical therapy and assistive devices may be used.
Types of Spina Bifida: Spina bifida occulta (hidden)
Mildest form; no nerves are involved, but one or more vertebrae are malformed.
Which term describes the rate of a disease in a population?
Mortality
Bell's palsy
Most common cause of facial paralysis.
Headaches
Most common form of pain experienced
Shaken baby syndrome
Most common reason for serious head injury in infants. Shaking is so dangerous for babies because of their small size in comparison to their relatively large head size and weak neck muscles.
Several types of neuroglia
Schwann cells, astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes
febrile seizures
Seizures that result from sudden high fevers; most often seen in children.
Dementia
Several disorders (stroke or Alzheimer's disease) cause dementia. Group of symptoms that affect the brain. Symptoms: being unable to do normal activities of living, being unable to solve problems or control emotions.
Signs and symptoms of stroke
Slurred speech, confusion, sudden severe headache, visual disturbance.
Which condition can be detected before birth?
Spina bifida, cerebral palsy, ADHD. All of the above
Peripheral nervous system (PNS).
Spinal nerves carry information to and from the brain through the spinal cord. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is part of the PNS: autonomic nerves control homeostasis, or keep the body running smoothly.
ADHD is often treated with what type of medication?
Stimulants
Anatomy of the nervous system: divided as follows
The central nervous system (CNS): which is composed of the brain and the spinal cord.