CHAPTER 37 DISORDERS OF THE URINARY TRACT MED SURGE

azotemia

rapid accumulation of toxic in the blood

kidney stones

renal calculi

Urosepsis

septicemia originating from the urinary tract.

diagnostic test

several test are available to differentiate pyelonephritis of cystitis

a classic clinical manifestation of PKD are

severe headache (brain aneurysm)

intermittent catheterization

short-term catheter which is inserted several times a day to drain urine. Changed every 3 hours

overflow incontinence

small amounts of urine leak from a full bladder

cytostomy

surgical creation of an artificial opening into the urinary bladder to provide an alternative exit pathway for urine

symptoms of PKD

symptoms -headache -HTN -

complications of Policystic disease

the patient may have aneurism, that may rupture and lead to sub-arachnoid hemorrhage

Hypertension is related

to renal disease and fluid overload

causes of stone formation

too much a animal protein vitamin C

urea is formed by the liver

when protein get mettabolized

IN PKD cyst are fluid filled

with blood, or urine, they may experience

treatment for pyelonephritis

-antibiotic take it for several weeks you may need to be in the hospital if you have any other problems

changes in renal function that comes with age

-decrease glomerular filtration rate -decreased renal flow -risk for toxicity and overdose

Keep your kidneys healthy

-drink plenty of water -cranberry juice -vitamin C -do not resist the urge to urinate -urinate after sex

Glomerulonephritis

-symptoms -oliguria/HTN/ -electrolyte imbalance -edema

detrusor muscle

Smooth muscle that compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine into the urethra.

Lithotrypsy

Technique that uses ultrasound to smash the stone into "gravel" that is small enough to pass through the ureter, bladder and urethra?

Uremic frost

Urea and uric acid salt deposits excreted in sweat as a result of uremia, giving the skin a powdery appearance

urine constituents

Urea, nitrogen, Creatinine and urea

the kidneys are responsible for maintaining blood PH

blood PH

elements present in urine

blood, white blood cells, nitrates positive

Types of renal stones

calcium oxalate calcium phosphate Uric acid

sometimes glomerulonephritis

can be immunologic, and can progress into CKD (Goodpasture syndrome)

repeating infections of the kidneys

can lead to scarring and loss of kidney functions

some elderly can experience

changes in mental status with a UTI infection

Nephrotic SYNDROME

characterize by large amount of protein in urine, increased membrane permeability

angina may occur with

chronic anemia

CVA

costo vertebral angle tenderness, evidence phyelonephritis

people develop UTI

due to obstruction of urine

women are ost susceptible to Urinary infections

due to the short length of the urethra, it means shorter distance from anus, which facilitate bacterial colonization

UTI SYMPTOMS

dysuria urgency frequency cloudy urine foul smelling urine

vertebral intercostal pain

evidence renal disease

renal cast

evidence renal disease\

renal stone symptoms

fever/nausea/vomiting

is important to monitor serum/creatinine levels

for patients receiving drug therapy

PKD symptoms

hematuria hypertension

symptoms of renal calculi

includes excruciating pain, the patient also have costovertebral tenderness, some people develop nausea or diarrhea because of the proximity of the GI

...

increased fluid

in nephrotic syndrome

increased membrane permeability allow red blood cell to

cystitis

inflammation of bladder

Cystitis

inflammation of the bladder wall may be caused by bacteria. Commonly treated with ciprofloxacin

urethritis

inflammation of urethra

Escherichia Coli

is a bacteria commonly found in feces, is responsible for Uti

PKD

is a genetic disease, where genetic mutation allow for a numerous formation of cyst, kidney get enlarged

specific gravity

is a measure of dissolved materials in the urine range is 1002 to 1035

renal colic

is pain caused by renal stones, when stones formed in the kidney start moving into the bladder

Urine stasis

is the most common cause of urinary stones

capacity of the renal pelvis is about

5 to 8 ml

patients can pass stones in urine if they are

5mm or smaller

potassium levels above

7 can be lethal

uretherolithotomy

kidney stone surgery removal

KUB

kidney, ureter, bladder is a test to detect renal calculi

oliguria

less than 400 ml daily

anuria

less than 50 ml daily

Renal diet

low potassium low calcium protein low fluid

IV pyelogram

An x-ray of the renal structures after injection of a radiopaque dye into the venous system

data collection for urinary system

lung sounds (fluid collection) increased blood pressure skin, inspect color, texture conjunctival pallor (anemia)

streptococcal infection

may precede *Glomerulonephritis*

phenazophiridine

Is a urinary analgesic

pyelonephritis

Is an infection of the renal pelvis of the kidney

Urine Culture

Is done to see what bacteria is causing the infection

Functional incontinence

Is the inability to reach the bathroom due to normal obstacles

A patient with total incontinence

Is usually neurologically impaired

How you diagnose PKD

Kidney ultrasound

urine cytology

Noninvasive and accurate at detecting high-grade bladder cancer

suggest consuming cranberry juice

or cranberry capsules, to prevent bacteria from sticking to walls of the bladder

E coli is the most common cause of

Urinary tract infection

Kussmal respirations

What does the body do to compensate for metabolic acidosis?

what causes hydronephrosis

a blockage of any nature, especially those caused by calcium stone

hydronephrosis

abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys due to pressure from accumulated urine that cannot flow past an obstruction in the urinary tract

nephrosclerosis

arterioles changes, decreasing blood supply to the kidneys, that can eventually destroy the kidney