Chapter 38 med surge

What do catecholamines do and examples?

-Increase Heart Rate -increase blood pressure -inhibit digestion and urinary production -boost glucose levels examples are norepinephrine and epinephrine

Secretion of growth hormone (GH) is regulated by _____ and by _____, both produced by the _______

-growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) -growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH, or somatostatin) -hypothalamus.

Excess of which hormone is associated with moon face and buffalo hump? 1.Cortisol 2.Glucagon 3.Growth hormone 4.Calcitonin

1

Which hormone increases heart rate and blood glucose? 1.Epinephrine 2.Insulin 3.Aldosterone 4.Prolactin

1

several scans are taken over a_____ period after administration of radioactive iodine during a radioactive iodine uptake test

24 hour

How long do thyroid scans take to complete?

30 minutes

Excess of which hormone can cause weight loss? 1.ADH 2.Cortisol 3. Aldosterone 4.Thyroxine

4

Which hormone raises serum calcium level? 1.Calcitonin 2.Thyroxine 3.Insulin 4.Parathyroid hormone

4

What is similar to a thyroid scan and is done to evaluate thyroid function?

A radioactive iodine uptake test

increases water reabsorption by the kidney tubules, which decreases urine output.

ADH -The water is reabsorbed back into the blood, thereby maintaining normal blood volume and pressure

stimulates secretion of cortisol and related hormones from the adrenal cortex

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Acts on the kidneys to reduce urine volume and prevent dehydration

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) aka vasopressin

_________ transmit the hormones to the posterior pituitary and signal their release.

Axon tracts from the hypothalamus

is produced during any type of stress such as injury, disease, exercise, or hypoglycemia.

CRH

stimulates the release of ACTH

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus

T/F: a thryoid scan causes great risk to the patient due to radioactive material

FALSE a small amount of radioactive material is used causing a minimal risk

How to do an endocrine simulation test?

For this type of test, a substance is injected to stimulate a gland. The hormone secreted by that gland is then measured in the blood to determine how well it responded to the stimulation

is secreted during hyperglycemia, when carbohydrates are available for energy production and the mobilization of fat is not needed.

GHIH

is produced during hypoglycemia or when there is a high blood level of amino acids.

GHRH

Acts on the entire body to promote protein synthesis, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and bone and skeletal muscle growth

Growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin

How to inspect the endocrine system?

Observe the patient for mood and affect (emotional tone) throughout the physical assessment. Inspect the neck for thyroid enlargement. Look for eyes that bulge (exophthalmos). Note posture, body fat, and presence of tremor. Observe skin and hair texture and moisture. Note the presence of a moonlike face or "buffalo hump" on the upper back. Observe the lower extremities for skin and color changes that might indicate circulatory impairment.

If the thyroid gland responds appropriately to TSH, ___ and _____ levels rise.

T3 and T4

In both genders, _______ contribute to libido (sex drive)

The gonadocorticoids

stimulates growth and secretions of the thyroid gland.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

T/F: Insulin and glucagon are antagonistic hormones.

True

T/F Cortisol has an anti-inflammatory effect

True -However, excess cortisol decreases the immune response and can delay healing of damaged tissue.

_____ stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

_______ increases the reabsorption of sodium ions and the excretion of potassium ions by the kidney tubules. As sodium ions are reabsorbed, hydrogen ions may be excreted in exchange. This is one mechanism to prevent the accumulation of hydrogen ions, which would lead to _____

aldosterone acidosis

_____ the most abundant of the mineralocorticoids, and its target organs are the _____

aldosterone kidneys

In cases of great fluid loss, such as severe hemorrhage, the large amount of ADH secreted is especially important because it causes __________, which ____ blood pressure to homeostatic levels

arteriole vasoconstriction, increases

By providing energy sources to body tissues, cortisol ensures that glucose will be

available for the brain (glucose-sparing effect).

What is done to obtain tissue to examine for possible cancerous cells?

biopsy

_______ can be biopsied to confirm a diagnosis after a thyroid scan

cold spots

is the most abundant of the glucocorticoids and has many target tissues

cortisol

stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver and increases lipolysis and protein catabolism for energy production

cortisol

The hypothalamus causes secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary, which increases _______ secretion by the ___________

cortisol adrenal cortex The resultant increase in energy availability is necessary for stress-induced changes.

Effects of aging on the endocrine system: a decrease in TSH and thyroid hormone causes

decrease in basal metabolic rate which leads to a decrease in energy

Effects of aging on the endocrine system: a decrease in insulin production causes

decrease in glucose tolerance (but not diabetes

Effects of aging on the endocrine system: Decrease in growth hormone causes

decrease in muscle mass and increase in fat storage

What is affect?

emotional tone

adrenal medulla secretes

epinephrine and norepinephrine (catecholamines)

What is it called when eyes bulge?

exopthalmos

T/F: the adrenal medulla is part of the parasympathetic nervous system

false sympathetic

stimulates the production of eggs in the ovaries and sperm in the testes

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

inhibits both insulin and glucagon

function of somatostatin

What occurs after meals, especially those high in carbohydrates?

hyperglycemia

What is a radioactive iodine uptake test helpful in diagnosing?

hyperthyroidism

The anterior pituitary gland secretes its hormones in response to releasing hormones from the _____

hypothalamus

What increases the movement of glucose from the blood into cells?

insulin Hyperglycemia stimulates beta cells to release insulin. This lowers blood glucose and makes glucose available to cells for energy.

the pancreas secretes ___ and ___ for blood glucose homeostasis

insulin and glucagon

stimulates ovulation and estrogen and progesterone synthesis in females and the secretion of testosterone in males

luteinizing hormone (LH)

The gonadocorticoids are small amounts of male androgens. In females, they are converted to estrogens. They are the only source of estrogen after ________

menopause

The thyroid gland can be biopsied either by ___ or ___

needle aspiration under local anesthesia or using a surgical incision.

Most hormone levels are regulated by what?

negative feedback systems

As sodium ions are reabsorbed, water follows; this is important for maintaining....?

normal blood volume and blood pressure.

stimulates contraction of the uterus during childbirth, also triggers release of milk during lactation

oxytocin

The ________is both an exocrine and endocrine gland

pancreas

the ____ pituitary gland stores and releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH; sometimes called vasopressin) and oxytocin

posterior

_____stimulates milk production in females and in males, makes the testes more sensitive to LH

prolactin

hypoglycemia stimulates alpha cells to release glucagon. Glucagon ____ blood glucose

raises

is increased during response to stress

release of cortisol

Each hormone is secreted in response to? What happens during this process?

secreted in response to a specific stimulus, is circulated by the blood, and affects target cells that have receptors for that hormone

For this type of test, a substance is injected that is expected to suppress a hormone's release.

suppression test --For example, if dexamethasone (a steroid hormone) is injected, cortisol release from the adrenal cortex is expected to be suppressed via a negative feedback mechanism. If the cortisol level is not suppressed, adrenal cortex dysfunction is suspected.

What is the only palpable endocrine gland?

thyroid gland

For this test, a radioactive material is given orally or by injection. The material is taken up by the thyroid gland.

thyroid scan The scan will show hot spots (nodules), which are not malignant, or cold spots (areas that do not take up the radioactivity), which indicate malignancy.

_______ stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thryroid hormone

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

TSH secretion is stimulated by

thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).