chapter 4
In 1991 the NICHD conducted a comprehensive
longitudinal study of child care.
In order to test visual self-recognition, researchers put a dot of rouge on an infant's nose and determine how often the infant touches its nose after being placed in front of a
mirror
Researchers have discovered that infants are
more socially sophisticated than previously thought.
Many children in the United States are cared for by ______ outside caregivers.
multiple
A securely attached baby
uses the caregiver as a base from which to explore.
Infants are able to understand that people have intentions because they can engage in which of the following?
Gaze following Joint attention
Children from low-income families benefited in terms of school readiness and language development when their parents selected ______ child care.
high-quality
In the NICHD longitudinal study, what percentage of children experienced positive nonparental care?
12%
in the United States, separation protest typically peaks at about the age of ______.
13 to 15 months
In 1992, the European Union mandated a
14-week paid maternity leave.
At what age do most infants begin to exhibit self-recognition, as assessed by the mirror technique?
15 to 18 months
The NICHD longitudinal study found that results were less optimal when children spent more than ______ in child care.
30 hours per week
Which individuals are displaying self-conscious emotions?
4-year-old Sam, who feels shame 7-year-old Harry, who is embarrassed
In general, infant fear first emerges at __________ months and peaks at about ___________ months.
6,18
A high-quality day care center should provide which of the following?
Age-appropriate activities. Age-appropriate toys for play. A safe environment.
The Strange Situation, which was an observational means to identify individual differences in infant attachment, was developed by
Ainsworth.
Which of the following is not one of the recommendations regarding the best parenting strategies in relation to children's temperament?
Be strict in responding to the child's characteristics.
At what age do children markedly increase their imitative and reciprocal play behaviors?
Between 18 and 24 months
According to research, some couples experienced which of the positive results in the transition to parenting?
Couples reported have a more stable couple identity. Women improved family task management. Men became more concerned with intimacy. Women more closely attended to their own personal growth.
Which of the following are the two most important emotional expressions that infants display when interacting with their parents?
Cries Smiles
According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) _________ child is one who reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change
Difficult
According to a 2006 study of discipline and corrective behavior, which of the following was the MAIN method parents used to correct unwanted behavior in their 12-month-olds?
Diverting the infant's attention
Which statement is true about cultural influences on emotional development?
East Asian parents are more likely to encourage emotional reserve in their children.
____________ are influenced by both biological foundations and by an individual's experiences.
Emotions
Which statement is true of stranger anxiety?
It appears at about 6 months of age.
Which statements are true regarding face-to-face play? (Choose every correct answer.)
It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age. It includes vocalization, touch, and gestures.
Patty has been classified as a slow-to-warm-up child, according to Chess and Thomas' classification system. Which of the following characteristics is she likely to display?
Low activity level Low intensity of mood Somewhat negative affect
According to participant evaluation, which of the following were some of the results of the Bringing Home Baby project? (Choose every correct answer.)
Mothers were less likely to experience postpartum depression. Fathers were more sensitive and involved.
Which of the following factors can result in an infant showing fear as early as 3 months?
Neglect Abuse
Match Bowlby's phase of infant attachment with its characteristic behavior.
Phase 1-Attachment to all humans Phase 2- Attachment to one figure Phase 3- Actively seeks contact Phase 4- Awareness of feelings of others
Which of the following has the greatest negative impact on low-income children when it comes to child care?
Poor-quality child care
Which terms are used to describe the interactional nature of emotional communication between parents and child when all is going well? (Choose every correct answer.)
Reciprocal Synchronous
Which of the following are research-based recommendations in regard to rearing children with different types of temperament?
Recognize individuality. Avoid labeling. Be flexible.
Which type of infant smile does not depend on external stimuli?
Reflexive
______ involves parents who take the time to interact with a child in such a way that the child experiences turn-taking and the parents support the child's efforts at any age.
Scaffolding
Which category describes Chess and Thomas' classification of a child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood?
Slow to warm up
Ainsworth created the _________ Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment.
Strange
Which of the following are types of infant cries?
The basic cry The pain cry The anger cry
True or false: A quality child care environment should provide a low caregiver-child ratio.
True
True or false: Marital relationships, parenting, and infant behavior and development have both direct and indirect effects on one another.
True
True or false: Personality in infants is thought to involve a sense of self, trust, self-recognition, and independence.
True
Coordinated actions of 1-year-olds in a cooperative task is most likely
coincidental rather than cooperative.
Melissa is extremely shy. Her parents don't understand that social situations are very stressful for her, and they often place her in new situations without adequate support. Melissa is at risk for adjustment problems due to lack of ___________of fit.
good
The emotions that infants begin to express during the second half of their first year of life involve recognizing the emotional reactions of
other people
The family can be thought of as a constellation of ______ defined in terms of generation, gender, and role.
subsystems
Which of the following is the best description of the Bringing Home Baby project?
It is a workshop for new parents that emphasizes strengthening the couples' relationship and becoming acquainted with the baby.
Jeremy is a very active toddler whose parents try to avoid putting him in situations where he must sit still for long periods of time. What does this illustrate?
The concept of goodness of fit
According to Erikson's theory, three year old Gannon is determined to get his own juice from the refrigerator. This is a sign of Gannon striving for
independence
Kagan is responsible for the temperament classification system that involves behavioral
inhibitation
The NICHD study on child care was conducted by using which of the following methods? (Select all that apply.)
interviews questionnaires trained observers
When the caregiver and infant are able to focus on the same object it is called
joint attention.
According to Ainsworth's model, an insecure _________ baby often clings to the caregiver and then may fight against closeness perhaps by kicking or pushing away.
resistant
In one study, more time spent in early non-relative child care was related to higher levels of ______ at 15 years of age.
risk taking and impulsivity
An important form of reciprocal socialization is _________, in which parents adjust the level of guidance to fit the child's performance, thus allowing them to be more skillful.
scaffolding
After Mommy puts a dot of rouge on Megan's nose and places her in front of a mirror, Megan starts to giggle and touches her nose frequently. This is a test of
self-recognition.
Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through
emotions.
Insecure avoidant babies
engage in little interaction with the caregiver.
Which of the following are environmental influences that can encourage or discourage the persistence of temperament characteristics?
goodness of fit influences cultural influences
The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope is known by the term
goodness of fit.
What emotion would an infant younger than 6 months likely not experience?
guilt
According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) child is one who reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change.
hard
_____________ are influenced by both biological foundations and by an individual's experiences.
Emotions
Which of the following statements best describes the influence of biology and environment on emotional development?
Emotions are influenced by both nature and nurture.
______ play encourages infants to prefer people over objects.
Face-to-face
What type of emotions require self-awareness and a sense of 'me'?
Self-conscious emotions
More children are in child care today than ever before, primarily because U.S. adults
cannot receive paid leave.
Jenny, an infant, gets scared and starts to cry. She is using her emotions to ___________ with her parents.
communicate
An infant's most powerful method of communicating need or distress is through the act of
crying
An infant's most powerful method of communicating need or distress is through the act of ______________
crying
Six-month-old John often reacts negatively and cries frequently. He also is not very adaptive. According to Chess and Thomas' classification system, he is most likely a(n) ________ child.
difficult
According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) _________ child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts readily to new experiences.
easygoing
According to Rothbart and Bates' temperament classification, the category of ________ control, or self-regulation, includes being able to soothe oneself, shift attention, and demonstrate inhibition.
effortful
The interaction between children and caregivers is like a dance or dialog in which each successive action depends on the partner's previous behavior. The term used to describe this is reciprocal ___________. (Remember to type only one word in the blank.)
socialization
An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is his or her ______.
temperament
In one research study, it was found that mothers of infants respond differently to the crying of irritable girls than the crying of irritable boys. This is an example of how gender affects reaction to
tempermant
__________ is the term used to describe individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic way of responding. (Please watch your spelling.)
temprament
The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as _________. (Remember to type only one word in the blank.)
traits
In reference to developmental stages, Erikson believed that infants learn ______ when they are cared for in a warm and consistent manner.
trust
The current U.S. policy on parental leave is to allow ______.
up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave
According to a 2006 study of discipline and corrective methods, one-third of parents had ______ before the time the child was 12 months old.
yelled at their infant
Which theorists developed a temperament classification system in which most children are considered to be easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up?
Chess and Thomas
Which types of behavior represent an infant's biological tendency to elicit attachment behavior from caregivers? (Choose every correct answer.)
Cooing at the caregiver Clinging to the caregiver Following the caregiver
True or false: One surprising finding of the NICHD longitudinal study was that the majority of child care provided in the first three years of life was of high quality.
False
Baby Marlow uses mom as a base from which to explore the environment. When mom leaves, he protests mildly, and when mom returns, he reestablishes positive interactions with her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Marlow?
He is a securely attached baby.
Baby Jordan engages in little interaction with his mother and isn't distressed when she leaves the room. When she returns, Jordan does not reestablish contact with her and even turns his back on her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Jordan?
He is an insecure avoidant baby.
Baby Mathias cries loudly when his mother leaves the room and then fights against her when she tries to comfort him on her return. Which of the following statements is true?
He is an insecure resistant baby.
Longitudinal research regarding the transition to parenthood revealed which of the following trends?
One-third of couples showed an increase in marital satisfaction after a baby was born.
In a most basic classification sense, enthusiasm, joy, and love are classified as _________ emotions, whereas anxiety, anger, and guilt are classified as ________ emotions.
Positive, Negative
Chess and Thomas' classification system placed children into which categories of temperament?
Slow-to-warm-up Difficult Easy
Behavioral inhibition is valued in China. This is an example of how reaction to an infant's temperament may depend in part on
culture
According to Ainsworth's model, insecure ______ babies may show confusion and fearfulness around their caregivers.
disorganized
According to Ainsworth's model, insecure ___________ babies are disoriented; they might show strong patterns of avoidance and resistance or display certain specified behaviors, such as extreme fearfulness around the caregiver.
disorganized
Eight-month-old Roger is usually in a positive mood, is adaptive, and conforms readily to household routines. According to Chess & Thomas' classification system, he is a(n) _________ child.
easy
According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) ________ child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts readily to new experiences.
easygoing
According to Rothbart and Bates' temperament classification, the category of _________ control, or self-regulation, includes being able to soothe oneself, shift attention, and demonstrate inhibition.
effortful
A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called an
emotion
A feeling or affect that occurs when people are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their wellbeing is known as a/an
emotion.
Who is more likely to bounce infants, toss them in the air, or tickle them?
fathers
Melissa is extremely shy. Her parents don't understand that social situations are very stressful for her, and they often place her in new situations without adequate support. Melissa is at risk for adjustment problems due to lack of of __________ fit.
good
Between 18 and 24 months of age, children markedly increase their ______ play.
imitative and reciprocal
According to Erikson, the developmental stage of trust versus mistrust occurs
in the first year of life.
As the nervous system in infants develops, locomotion becomes possible and children are able to develop a certain amount of
independence.
Almost all classifications designate an emotion as either
positive or negative.
Emotional interactions between caregiver and child are ______, or synchronous, meaning they shape and are shaped by each other.
reciprocal
Ten-month-old Alyssa smiles at her mother and throws a sponge ball toward her. Alyssa's mother tries to catch it and smiles and laughs. Alyssa crawls closer and tries to take the ball, while giggling. This is an example of ___________ socialization.
reciprocal
Ten-month-old Alyssa smiles at her mother and throws a sponge ball toward her. Alyssa's mother tries to catch it and smiles and laughs. Alyssa crawls closer and tries to take the ball, while giggling. This is an example of ____________ socialization.
reciprocal
Melissa is a 9-month-old child who loves playing pat-a-cake with her mother. This type of play is an example of
reciprocal socialization.
A(n) __________ smile in an infant does not occur in response to external stimuli, but a(n) _________ smile does.
reflexsive, social
According to Ainsworth's model, an insecure __________ baby often clings to the caregiver and then may fight against closeness perhaps by kicking or pushing away.
resistant
An important form of reciprocal socialization is ____________, in which parents adjust the level of guidance to fit the child's performance, thus allowing them to be more skillful.
scaffolding
The term ___________ anxiety describes the behavior of infants who cry when their caregivers leave them.
seperation
The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as __________ . (Remember to type only one word in the blank.)
traits
The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as ___________. (Remember to type only one word in the blank.)
traits
The reciprocal interchanges and mutual influence processes between parents and children are sometimes referred to as
transactional.
About ______ children in the United States currently receive formal, licensed child care.
2 million
According to one survey, by 2012 the number of stay-at-home dads in the United States was estimated to be
2 million.
By the time they are ______, most children recognize themselves in a mirror.
2 years old
Regarding emotional regulation, which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
In order to develop good emotional regulation, an infant should be allowed to reach frequent intense, agitated states.
Which theorist developed a temperament classification system based on inhibition and lack of inhibition?
Kagan
______ skills refer to crawling, walking, and running; once infants and toddlers are able to do this, they expand their exploration considerably.
Locomotion
In which category did Chess and Thomas place children who are somewhat negative and exhibit a low activity level and low mood intensity?
Slow-to-warm-up
A 2006 study of 1- and 2-year-olds that involved a cooperative task yielded which of the following results?
The actions of the 2-year-olds suggested cooperation, but the actions of the 1-year-olds suggested coincidence.
True or false: When an infant is upset, a caregiver's soothing actions influence the infant's neurobiological regulation of emotions and lower the level of stress hormones.
True
According to Rothbart and Bates, what does the dimension of self-regulation include?
Waiting longer to express anger Ability to distract oneself
Babies have at least three types of cries: a basic cry, a(n) ________ cry, and a(n) ________ cry.
anger, pain
The term stranger _________ describes a situation in which infants demonstrate a wariness of people they do not know.
anxiety
The more advanced social cognitive skills of infants likely influence their understanding and awareness of
attachment to a caregiver.
Erik Erikson's second stage of development, occurring during the second year of life, is called
autonomy versus shame and doubt.
When parents of children in East Asia encourage the demonstration of emotional reserve, this illustrates the influence of ________ diversity on emotional development.
cultural
According to Ainsworth's model, insecure _________ babies are disoriented; they might show strong patterns of avoidance and resistance or display certain specified behaviors, such as extreme fearfulness around the caregiver.
disorganized
According to Chess and Thomas' classification, a child who generally adapts well to new experiences and exhibits a positive mood is classified as
easy
Eight-month-old Roger is usually in a positive mood, is adaptive, and conforms readily to household routines. According to Chess & Thomas' classification system, he is a(n) ________ child.
easy
True or false: Most U.S. children have a parent who stays home to care for them.
False