chapter 4: agnosia and perception

miss

According to signal-detection theory, a ____ occurs when we incorrectly report that a signal is absent, when it is, in fact, present

____ processing refers to cognitive manipulation that requires no conscious decisions or intentional effort.​

Automatic

Which model of selective attention suggests that the filter for blocking signals occurs after sensory processing and allows for both perceptual and conceptual analysis of information to take place?​

Deutsch and Deutsch's late filter model

​____ presentation refers to the simultaneous presentation of different auditory stimuli (such as verbal messages) to each ear

Dichotic

What theory was developed to account for these findings (Broadbent).

Early filter - Filter out information early in processing based on basic physical characteristics - tone, loudness, accent, etc.

come up with your own real life example of selective attention

Grading exams with my daughters playing in the room

How is selective attention an example of top-down processing (or is it bottom-up?)?

I'm selecting what info I attend to (grading) and actively ignore other (kids)

How can capacity models account for these findings (p. 155)?

If ignored material is very physically different from attended, you can filter out early without much further processing (or resources). If ignored material is similar, or for whatever reason you process the ignored message more deeply (for meaning), can to a degree, but takes more resources.

Predictions of early filter model

If we filter out unwanted information at a very early stage of processing based on physical characteristics of the stimuli (pitch, loudness) using identical voice in unattended ear should be difficult to ignore

Can you adapt a capacity model to the example you gave in question #1?

It would suggest that I can grade with noisy children in the room and monitor for major noises (loud shrieks and crashes) rather effortlessly, leaving my recourses available to attend to the grading. If I need to monitor what they're talking about, subtle noises of their play, I can, but it'll take resources, potentially interfering with my grading.

Which model of selective attention suggests that messages that are of high importance to a person may break through the filter of selective attention?​

Moray's selective filter model

____ model combines early-filter and later-filter models by suggesting that there are two processes, pre attentive and attentive, that govern attention.​

Neisser's

What were some of his findings regarding what participants did or did not notice in the unattended message?

Only noticed large physical changes - from human voice to tone, male to female voice. Didn't notice Shift from English to German, or played backward

____ refers to accidentally repeating steps of an automatic procedure after the procedure has been completed.​

Perseverations

____ refers to the process by which particular stimuli activate mental pathways that enhance the ability to process subsequent stimuli related to the initial stimuli in some way.​

Priming

Describe a finding that contradicted this theory (Moray, Triesman).

Recognize own name in unattended ear Erroneously shadow wrong ear when meaning of message followed what is in the shadow ear, noticed when unattended message is same as shadowed message, others

What procedure did Colin Cherry develop to study this?

Shadowing task - participants listen to 2 different messages to each ear (dichotic presentation) and are instructed to repeat back one of the messages (continuously in real time)

Which model of selective attention suggests that instead of blocking out stimuli, the filter merely weakens the strength of all stimuli other than the target stimulus?​

Treisman's attenuation model

Which best describes the capacity model of attention?​

We have a fixed amount of attention that we can use on multiple tasks.

According to signal-detection theory, a ____ occurs when we correctly report that a signal is absent

correct rejection

Your younger sibling has a nasty habit of trying to annoy you when you are calling a phone number that is not already in your phone by shouting out random numbers as you enter the correct digits. Your sibling is hoping you will make a(n) ____ error.​

data driven

attention

enhance processing of important events in our environment deliberate attempt to seek out what is important and maintain focus allow information to impinge on conscious awareness- if it is important issue of resources

capacity model

estimate the number of products that we can produce in a given factory when we know how many machines we have and what type

According to the ____ theories of attention, information is selectively blocked out or attenuated as it passes from one level of processing to the next

filter and bottleneck

Consciousness

includes both the feeling of awareness and the content of awareness

signal detection theory

means to measure the ability to differentiate between information-bearing patterns and random patterns that distract from the information

manipulated nature and content of unattended message

noticed gross physical differences: tone v. human speech, male v. female, fast v. slow didn't notice many other characteristics: reversed speech, language switch

What do these findings suggest about the processing system for ignored information?

only the most basic physical characteristics get through suggests information is filtered out early on in system based on physical characteristics, before much elaborate processing occurs

change blindness

perceptual phenomena that occurs when a change in a visual stimulus is introduced and the observer does not notice it

divided attention

perform two (or more) tasks at the same time, and attention is required for the performance of both (or all) the tasks

cocktail party problem

phenomena of the brain's ability to focus one's auditory attention on a particular stimulus when filtering out a range of other stimuli, as when a party goer can focus on a single conversation in a noisy room

Vigilance

refers to a person's ability to attend to a field of stimulation over a prolonged period, during which the person seeks to detect the appearance of a particular target stimulus of interest

Selective attention

refers to our ability to attend to some stimuli while ignoring or minimally processing other stimuli.​

Mistakes are to controlled processes as ______ are to automatic processes.​

slips

What attentional dysfunction, typically due to lesions in the parietal lobes, occurs when a person ignores information from half of their visual field?​

spatial neglect

Treisman (1960, 1964)

suggests otherwise must be processing ignored message for meaning suggests that we can process to be ignored information for it's meaning before we decide to filter it out

Cherry's shadowing experimental setup

that presents auditory information to both ears of a subject the subject is asked to "shadow" (immediately repeat) the auditory stimuli from one input

selective attention

the capacity for or process of reacting to certain stimuli selectively when several occur simultaneously

Attention

the means by which we actively select and process a limited amount of information from all of the information captured by our senses, our stored memories, and our other cognitive processes

Findings of Cherry's shadowing experimental setup

we can shadow 1 message and ignore another (selective attention) shadowing is difficult: monotone voice, poor memory from passage (even worse for unattended message)

Moray (1959)

word mentioned 35 times yet was never noticed

Moray (1959)

"switch ear" v. "christy, switch ear"