Chapter 4 database design

the key must indicate the row's position in the table

A candidate key must satisfy all of the following conditions EXCEPT: A) the key must uniquely identify the row. B) the key must indicate the row's position in the table. C) the key must be nonredundant. D) each nonkey attribute is functionally dependent upon it.

functional dependency

A constraint between two attributes is called a(n): A) functional relation. B) attribute dependency. C) functional dependency. D) functional relation constraint

integrity constraints.

A domain definition consists of all of the following components EXCEPT: A) domain name. B) data type. C) integrity constraints. D) size.

security specifications

A form of database specification which maps conceptual requirements is called: A) logical specifications. B) response specifications. C) security specifications. D) physical specifications

transitive dependency.

A functional dependency between two or more nonkey attributes is called a: A) partial functional dependency. B) partial nonkey dependency. C) transitive dependency. D) partial transitive dependency.

partial functional

A functional dependency in which one or more nonkey attributes are functionally dependent on part, but not all, of the primary key is called a ________ dependency. A) partial key-based B) partial functional C) cross key D) merged relation

descriptor

A nonkey attribute is also called a(n): A) column. B) unimportant datum. C) descriptor. D) address.

Composite Key

A primary key that consists of MORE THAN ONE ATTRIBUTE IS CALLED A: A) foreign key. B) composite key. C) multivalued key. D) cardinal key.

Enterprise Key

A primary key whose value is unique across all relations is called a(n): A) global primary key. B) inter-table primary key. C) enterprise key. D) foreign global key

well-structured

A relation that contains minimal redundancy and allows easy use is considered to be: A) clean. B) simple. C) complex. D) well-structured

Second

A relation that contains no multivalued attributes and has nonkey attributes solely dependent on the primary key but contains transitive dependencies is in which normal form? A) First B) Second C) Third D) Fourth

referential integrity constraint.

A rule that states that each foreign key value must match a primary key value in the other relation is called the: A) referential integrity constraint. B) key match rule. C) entity key group rule. D) foreign/primary match rule.

Relation

A two-dimensional table of data sometimes is called a: A) group. B) set. C) declaration. D) relation.

Maximize Storage Pace

All of the following are the main goals of normalization EXCEPT: A) minimize data redundancy. B) simplify the enforcement of referential integrity. C) maximize storage space. D) make it easier to maintain data

alias.

An alternative name for an attribute is called a(n): A) synonym. B) alias. C) alternate attribute. D) related characteristic

primary key

An attribute (or attributes) that uniquely identifies each row in a relation is called a: A) column. B) foreign field. C) primary key. D) duplicate key.

Foreign Key

An attribute in a relation of a database that serves as the primary key of another relation in the same database is called a: A) link attribute. B) link key. C) foreign key. D) foreign attribute.

homonym

An attribute that may have more than one meaning is called a(n): A) homonym. B) alias. C) double defined attribute. D) synonym.

Tables

Data is represented in the form of: A) data trees. B) tables. C) data notes. D) chairs.

True

Data structures include data organized in the form of tables with rows and columns. T / F

Two relations are created. One represents the entity type in the relationship, and the other is an associative relation to represent the M:N relationship. The primary key of the associative relation consists of two attributes which take their value from the primary key of the other relation.

Discuss how to map a unary many-to-many relationship.

The entity type in the unary relationship is mapped to a relation in the same way as we did for a relation. We next add a foreign key attribute, which maps back to the primary key. This is called a recursive foreign key. So, if we had a relation such as a person supervises one or more persons, the person_id would be a primary key and then there would be a supervisor id which points back to the person_id

Discuss how to map a unary one-to-many relationship.

Each regular entity is transformed into a relation. There are a couple of things that need to be done with some special types of attributes. Composite attributes are broken down into their individual components. Multivalued attributes are broken down into separate relations. For example, if there was a multivalued skill attribute, this would become a skill relation. Also, we ignore derived attributes.

Discuss how you would map a regular entity to a relation.

Each relation (or table) has a unique name. An entry at the intersection of each row and column is atomic and each row is unique. Each attribute (or column) within a table has a unique name. The sequence of rows and columns is insignificant

Discuss the properties of relations

During logical database design, normalization is used as a check and balance to make sure that your E-R diagram is correct as well as your relational schema before doing physical design. Another occasion when you benefit is reverse-engineering an older system, since many of the tables and user views are redundant.

Discuss the two major occasions when you benefit from using normalization

There are two possible cases for associative entities. In one case, you can have an identifier assigned. You would then use this as the primary key. The other case is where the identifier is not assigned. In this case, you would use the primary keys from the other two (or more) relations that are related to the associative entity.

Discuss the two possible scenarios when mapping an associative entity

The three major types of integrity constraints are domain constraints, entity integrity and referential integrity. A domain is a set of attributes assigned to an attribute and consists of the domain name, data type, size and allowable values. The entity integrity rule is designed to ensure that every relation has a primary key and that the data values for the primary key are valid (in particular, not null). The referential integrity constraint is a rule that maintains consistency among the rows of two relations. If there is a foreign key in one relation, there must be a matching primary key in the other relation or the foreign key must be null

Discuss the types of integrity constraints.

A primary key uniquely identifies each row of a relation (or table). It can be either a single column or a composite of two or more columns, which is called a composite key. A foreign key allows us to represent the relationship between two tables. A foreign key in one table is generally a reference to a primary key in another table

Discuss the various relational keys.

A surrogate key should be created when any of the following conditions hold: there is a composite primary key, the natural primary key is inefficient (such as a long name) or the natural primary key is recycled. When you have an associative entity, it is often best to use a surrogate key when you have more than two relations that the associative entity is related to, since the primary key would be a composite of the primary keys of all entities related to the associative entity.

Discuss when it is best to create a surrogate key for an associative entity

A multivalued attribute is one that can take on more than one value. According to the definition of a relation, there can be no multivalued attributes. The reason for this will be seen later when the schema is normalized. A multivalued attribute can be resolved by creating a separate instance for each value and repeating the data from the non-multivalued attributes

Discuss why it is important to remove multivalued attributes from a relation

When we have a supertype/subtype relationship, we need to assign one entity for the supertype and one for each subtype. The supertype has all attributes common to all subtypes as well as a primary key. Each subtype relation has the primary key of the supertype as well as any attributes that are specific to that subtype. Finally, we assign one or more attributes to the supertype to function as subtype discriminators

Explain how subtype/supertype relationships are converted to relations

A candidate key is an attribute or a combination of attributes that uniquely identifies a row in a relation. A candidate key must be nonredundant and must also uniquely identify each row. When we look at functional dependencies and candidate keys, we can always say that a determinant is always a candidate key.

Explain what a candidate key is and how it might be used

A weak entity becomes a relation. However, since a weak entity instance does not exist by itself, we must create a relation with the primary key from the strong relation as the primary key, as well as the identifying attribute.

How do you convert weak entities to relations?

create table

In the SQL language, the ________ statement is used to make table definitions. A) create session B) create table C) create index D) select

Candidate

In the figure below, Customer_ID in the CUSTOMER Table is which type of key? A) Composite B) Candidate C) Standard D) Grouped

TRUE.

In the figure below, each employee has exactly one manager. Answer : T / F

COMPOSITE

In the figure below, the primary key for "Order Line" is which type of key? A) Composite B) Foreign C) Standard D) Grouped

An associative entity

In the figure below, what is depicted? A) A one-to-one relationship B) A unary relationship C) A one-to-many relationship D) An associative entity

Recursive foreign

In the figure below, what type of key is depicted? A) Primary B) Recursive primary C) Composite D) Recursive foreign

Strong entity/weak entity

In the figure below, what type of relationship do the relations depict? A) Strong entity/weak entity B) Multivalued C) Composite foreign key D) One-to-many

one-to-Many

In the figure below, what type of relationship do the relations depict? A) Strong entity/weak entity B) One-to-many C) Ternary D) Many-to-many

There are six different normal forms, all of which build upon each other. When a relation is in first normal form, all repeating groups have been removed. Second normal form means that any partial functional dependencies have been removed. A partial functional dependency occurs when a primary key is a composite key and a nonkey attribute is dependent upon part of the key. A relation is in third normal form when all transitive dependencies have been resolved. A transitive dependency occurs when one nonkey attribute is dependent upon another nonkey attribute. Boyce-Codd normal form removes any further dependencies that may result from anomalies. A relation is in fourth normal form when any dependencies from multivalued attributes have been removed. Fifth normal form removes any further anomalies. LO: 4.8: Use normalization to decompose a relation with anomalies into well-structured

List and explain 1st, 2nd, 3rd, BCNF, 4th, and 5th normal forms

A component is always used in only one item.

Referring to the figure below, which of the following is NOT true? A) A component is part of an item. B) A component is always used in only one item. C) A component can be part of an item. D) A component may be used in many items

entity integrity rule

The ________ states that no primary key attribute may be null. A) referential integrity constraint B) entity integrity rule C) partial specialization rule D) range domain rule

determinant.

The attribute on the left-hand side of the arrow in a functional dependency is the: A) candidate key. B) determinant. C) foreign key. D) primary key.

no primary key attribute can be null.

The entity integrity rule states that: A) no primary key attribute can be null. B) referential integrity must be maintained across all entities. C) each entity must have a primary key. D) a primary key must have only one attribute

Ternary

The figure below is an example of mapping which type of relationship? A) First B) Second C) Unary D) Ternary

merge

The need to ________ relations commonly occurs when different views need to be integrated. A) metadata B) system C) drop D) merge

fourth normal form.

The normal form which deals with multivalued dependencies is called: A) fifth normal form. B) fourth normal form. C) Boyce-Codd normal form. D) sixth normal form.

Boyce-Codd normal form.

The normal form which removes any remaining functional dependencies because there was more than one primary key for the same nonkeys is called: A) fifth normal form. B) fourth normal form. C) Boyce-Codd normal form. D) sixth normal form.

synonyms

Two or more attributes having different names but the same meaning are called: A) homonyms. B) aliases. C) synonyms. D) alternate attributes.

one must be able to check the output of a CASE tool.

Understanding the steps involved in transforming EER diagrams into relations is important because: A) one must be able to check the output of a CASE tool. B) there are rarely legitimate alternatives from which to choose. C) CASE tools can model any situation. D) CASE tools model hypothetical business problems

An anomaly is an error or inconsistency that may result when a user attempts to update a table that contains redundant data. There are three types of anomalies. An insert anomaly occurs when a user attempts to enter new information for part of a table. For example, if we stored customer address with an order. A deletion anomaly occurs when the user wants to delete part of a record but also has to delete related data. A modification anomaly occurs when we have to change the same data in multiple places

What is an anomaly, and what are the three types of anomalies?

create two new relations, one containing the multivalued attribute.

When a regular entity type contains a multivalued attribute, one must: A) create a single relation with multiple lines for each instance of the multivalued attribute. B) create two new relations, one containing the multivalued attribute. C) create two new relations, both containing the multivalued attribute. D) delete the relation and start over.

First normal form

When all multivalued attributes have been removed from a relation, it is said to be in: A) first normal form. B) second normal form. C) Boyce-Codd normal form. D) third normal form

No two rows in a relation are identical.

Which of the following are properties of relations? A) Each attribute has the same name. B) No two rows in a relation are identical. C) There are multivalued attributes in a relation. D) All columns are numeric

Sam Hinz

Which of the following violates the atomic property of relations? A) Sam B) Hinz C) Sam Hinz D) Atomic

Modification

________ are anomalies that can be caused by editing data in tables. A) Insertion B) Deletion C) Modification D) Creation

Physical

________ database specification indicates all the parameters for data storage that are then input to database implementation. A) Logical B) Physical C) Schematic D) Conceptual

Data integrity

________ is a component of the relational data model included to specify business rules to maintain the integrity of data when they are manipulated. A) Business rule constraint B) Data integrity C) Business integrity D) Data structure

Deletion

________ problems are encountered when removing data with transitive dependencies. A) Insertion B) Modification C) Deletion D) Merging