chapter 4 demography of aging

first stage of demographic transition

-agricultural economy -women marry young and have many children -high birth rates and death rates -fewer people reach adulthood and few old age

third stage of demographic transition

-population overall begins to age -death is due to more chronic rather than acute conditions -birth and death rates are low(demographic transition is complete)

second stage of demographic transition

-some control of infectious diseases -more children survive into adulthood -bottom of age pyramid expands -mortality begins to drop for older people

The sex ratio is defined as the _____.

105 males to every 100 females

The human life span appears to be about _____, although there are a few recorded cases of people living to be much older.

125

In the mid-1960s the fertility rate began to decline, reaching a low of 65 in _____.

1975

Between 1900 and 2017 overall life expectancy at birth increased by over _____ years. Multiple choice question.

30

Globally, female life expectancy at birth exceeds that of males by _____ years, and this life expectancy advantage continues over the life course.

4.5

young-old

65-74 -still working -still driving and getting around community -may be caring for an aging parent

old

75-84 -still driving -keeping up home -working full or part time

the average life expectancy in the united states is

77.3 years

By 2050, life expectancy at birth is projected to be over _____ in Europe, Latin America, and the Caribbean and North America. Multiple choice question.

80

According to the U.S. Census Bureau 2018, the sex ration for people _____ was 53.

85

According to the U.S. Census Bureau 2018, the sex ration for people _____ was 53.

85 and older

oldest-old

85+ -may be caring for spouse may be facing effects of chronic conditions -may still be working

For heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and cancer, mortality among _____ is higher consistently than it is for whites.

African Americans

In the United States, the _____ is the central clearinghouse for all national population data that makes national counts of the population every 10 years and obtains information from each household on births, deaths, country of origin of the residents, health, living arrangements, occupation, and income.

Census Bureau

Which of the following are true of the consequences of an aging population?

Demand will increase for health care and housing that caters to the older peoples' special needs. There will be fewer workers to pay Social Security taxes.

The biggest wave of immigrants to the United States arrived in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, when thousands of _____ crossed the Atlantic Ocean.

Italians and East Europeans

The aging process is most advanced in the more developed countries with _____ being the oldest with 33 percentaged 60 years and older. Multiple choice question.

Japan

By 2030 the number of people 60 and older is predicted to grow the most in _____.

Latin America and the Caribbean

life span

a fixed biological constant - the maximum number of years a person can expect to live

When the United States compiles world population data, _____ is one of the most difficult measures on which to obtain precise data.

age

In combination, the basic population processes—fertility, mortality, and migration—determine a population's _____, which is the proportion of people in various age cohorts.

age structure

dependency ratio

another way to measure population aging

The fertility rose significantly between 1946 until 1964 but peaked in 1958 at 118. The children born during that period are called the _____.

baby boomers

In the third stage of the demographic transition, when _____, the demographic transition is complete.

birth and death rates are low

For the past 15 years, there has been a decrease in the _____ among both men and women.

black-white gap in mortality

census data

bureau of the census is the central clearinghouse for all national population data(taken every 10 years) includes births, deaths, country of origin, health, living arrangements, occupation, and income

Demographic analysis is based on _____ taken by public or private agencies.

census counts

What are the positive trends among cancer deaths that are masked by the overall increase in cancer deaths?

cervical cancer has dropped because women more routinely obtain pap smears lung cancer has declined among men because of the decline in smoking

poverty rates are higher among the

childless

total dependency ratio

combined ratio of children and older people to workers

In the second stage of the demographic transition _____.

death rates decline among infants and young children due to control of infections and parasitic diseases.

After birth, death rates are persistently higher among males, beginning in infancy and continuing into old age. As a result, the sex ratio _____.

declines progressively over the life course

In all developed nations, there is a three-stage shift from high mortality and fertility rates too low mortality and fertility rates that occurs through a process called the

demographic transition

The basic population processes—fertility, mortality, and migration—that determine cohort size are the subject matter of _____.

demography

The fact that the large cohort of the baby boom was followed by a small cohort of the baby bust means that the _____.

elderly dependency ratio will rise to 37 per 100 by 2030

While the _____ of a population is calculated as the number of persons aged 65 and above per 100 persons of working age, the _____ of the population indicates the number of persons under age 18 relative to those of working age.

elderly dependency ratio; child dependency ratio

in 2019 older adults 75 and older

exceeded the number of children age 5 and under in Nebraska

Except in a handful of nations, life expectancy worldwide is higher for _____.

females than for males

What were the reasons for the fall in the death rate from heart disease during the 1970s?

fewer people smoked, new medications helped to control hypertension

In the year 2000 there were more than five workers for each person over 65; by 2030, there will be _____. Multiple choice question.

fewer than three

In the _____ stage of the demographic transition, few people reach adulthood, and even fewer survive to old age.

first

In the _____ stage of the demographic transition, the economy is agricultural, women marry young and have many children, and infants commonly die from acute and infectious diseases. Multiple choice question.

first

Question Mode Multiple Choice Question One reason why women _____ is that men are more likely to smoke and consume alcohol and to engage in dangerous work.

have a higher life expectancy than men

Young people are usually much more willing to migrate than are old people, because they _____.

have weaker ties

The leading cause of death among people over 65 is _____.

heart disease

In the United States, during the 1970s, mortality greatly declined because _____.

heart disease decreased

Rank the leading causes of death among people over 85 in decreasing order of their occurrence, beginning with the most common cause of death.

heart disease, cerebrovascular, cancer

The Hispanic, African American, and Asian populations are increasing more rapidly than the white population of the United States because of _____.

higher immigration and birth rates

Of the half-million people who immigrate to the United States annually, well over half are _____.

hispanic and asian

fertility rate

incidence of births or the inflow of new lives into a population

demographic transition

industrialization of countries along with fertility and mortality impact population structure

The average number of years people in a given population can expect to live is known as _____.

life expectancy

The mean age at death of people in a given population is known as _____.

life expectancy

In 1900 many infants and children died in the first five years of life. Thus, it is important to consider two statistics: _____ and _____.

life expectancy at birth; life expectancy at 65

_____ is defined as the greatest number of years any member of a species has been known to survive.

life span

Declining mortality from heart disease has allowed more people to _____.

live long enough to die from cancer

In the United States, the sex ratio is low among people 85 and older, which means that _____.

many elderly women will be institutionalized when they become ill or disabled

In the United States, the sex ratio is low among people 85 and older, which means that _____. Multiple choice question.

many elderly women will be institutionalized when they become ill or disabled

Why are most immigrants young people?

married and childless people have less ties

During the 1940s, mortality in the United States greatly declined because _____.

medical advances

During the 1940s, mortality in the United States greatly declined because _____.

medical advances led to major gains against infant, child, and maternal mortality

identify true statements about the second stage of the demographic transition

more babies survive into adulthood and population grows younger

in the US, by 2033 there will be

more people over 65 than under 18

At any given time the number of older people in a population is a direct result of the _____.

number of babies born 65 or more years earlier

sex ratio

number of males to every 100 females - for every 105 male babies that are born there are only 100 females

ole age dependency ratio

number of person aged 65 and older per 100 persons working age(18-64)

child dependency ratio

number of persons under age 18 relative to those of working age

As countries industrialize, accompanying changes in fertility and mortality produce changes in population structure through the demographic transition. At the end of this process, a country's population is both _____.

older and larger

childlessness is more common with

older men than older women

Advances in public health and medical technologies coupled with better living conditions mean that people are living longer and often healthier lives than ever before, particularly among the _____.

oldest old

The most important reason for the reduction in the mortality rate in the past quarter century is the _____.

progress made against heart disease

After age 85, the mortality rate for African Americans falls below that of whites. This phenomenon is known as _____. Multiple choice question.

race crossover

In advanced old age, older Black adults have a lower mortality risk than whites. This is known as _____.

race crossover

In the United States, the elderly population of the future will be considerably more _____ than the elderly population of today.

racially and ethnically diverse

American women who _____ hold the record as the most fertile American women of the twentieth century as 93 percent of them became mothers.

reached childbearing age during the 1950s

Which of the following are problems encountered by the Census Bureau in collecting accurate data?

some people may provide inaccurate information due to language problems and some people like the homeless are difficult to reach

Identify the factors that contributed to the reduced fertility in the United states between 1971 and 1980.

the availability of the birth control pill from the 1960s the rapid expansion of female labor force participation an increase in educational opportunities for women

life expectancy

the average number of years of life remaining at any specified age

From a demographic perspective, a nation's ability to support its oldest members depends not only on the ratio of workers to retirees, but also on _____.

the child dependency ratio

consequences of an aging population

the expected increase in the number of older Americans has great implications for the quality of life in the 21st century(fewer workers will be paying Social Security taxes)

mortality rate

the incidence of death in a population

The fact that the sex ratio declined among people aged 85 and older in the United States means that _____.

the majority of older women are single and likely to be in poverty

migration

the movement of people across borders

In the second stage of the demographic transition _____.

there is improved sanitation measure and health care

The population pyramid of a population that has entered the _____ stage of the demographic transition becomes more rectangular in shape and are considered "old."

third

True or false: In every country women have greater life expectancy at 85 than men.

true