chapter 4: determine the purpose of your data visualization

The following are typical examples of nominal data except: Grade point average Zip codes Eye color Gender

GPA

normal distribution

a type of distribution in which the median, mean, and mode are all equal. so half the observations fall below the mean and half are above ex: SAT scores, heights of babies

Which of the following is not a typical example of nominal data? Gender SAT scores Hair color Ethnic group

SAT scores

standard normal distribution

a special case of the normal distribution with a mean equal to zero and a standard deviation (or variance) equal to one

The Fahrenheit scale of temperature measurement would best be described as an example of:

interval data

Which chart work best for depicting progression over time?

line chart

trend over time chart

line chart

charts used for quantitative data

line charts, box and whisker plots, scatter plots, filled geographic maps

text data charts

word cloud

interval data

-third most sophisticated type of data -interval data do not have a meaningful 0 ex: temperature

comparison charts

Bar chart Pie chart Stacked bar chart Tree map Heat map

declarative visualizations

Made when the aim of your project is to "declare" or present your findings to an audience. Charts that are declarative are typically made after the data analysis has been completed and are meant to exhibit what was found in the analysis steps.

exploratory visualizations

Made when the lines between steps P (perform test plan), A (address and refine results), and C (communicate results) are not as clearly divided as they are in a declarative visualization project. Often when you are exploring the data with visualizations, you are performing the test plan directly in visualization software such as Tableau instead of creating the chart after the analysis has been done.

charts used for qualitative data

bar charts, pie charts, stacked bar chart

outlier detection charts

box and whisker plot

Which type of chart is preferred for when quartiles, median, and outliers are required for analysis and insights?

box and whisker plots

qualitative data

categorical data. all you can do with these data are count and group. nominal or ordinal data

qualitative data is also referred to as

conceptual data

qualitative data is is __ and quantitative is ___

conceptual; data-driven

quantitative data can be either

discrete or continuous

Both nominal and ordinal data can also be referred to as data-driven.

false

after completing data analysis, the write up should include only the steps of the IMPACT cycle that are most significant

false

When work is completed with qualitative data, it will most frequently be visualized using the tools in Quadrant 1, the declarative, data-driven quadrant.

false; qualitative is not data-driven

geographic data

filled map

two types of quantitative data

interval and ratio

quantitative data

more complex than qualitative. -interval and ratio -the intervals between data points are meaningful, allowing the data to be not just counted, grouped, and ranked, but also to have more complex operations performed on them such as mean, medium, and standard deviation.

ratio data

most sophisticated type of data -quantitative data -counted and grouped -have a meaningful 0: "the absence of"

__________ data would be considered the least sophisticated type of data.

nominal

what are the two types of qualitative data

nominal and ordinal

red, yellow, and blue would be best described as an example of:

nominal data

Exhibit 4-8 gives chart suggestions for what data you'd like to portray. Those options include all of the following except: relationship. comparison. distribution. normalization.

normalization

Gold, silver, and bronze medals would be examples of:

ordinal data

conceptual

qualitative

Line charts are not recommended for what type of data?

qualitative data

data- driven

quantitative

__________ data would be considered the most sophisticated type of data.

ratio

discrete data

represented by whole numbers ex: points in a basketball game (3 pointers but not 3.5)

What is the most appropriate chart when showing a relationship between two variables (according to Exhibit 4-8)?

scatter chart

relationship between two variables chart

scatter plot

In the late 1960s, Ed Altman developed a model to predict if a company was at severe risk of going bankrupt. He called his statistic Altman's Z-score, now a widely used score in finance. Based on the name of the statistic, which statistical distribution would you guess this came from?

standardized normal distribution

geographic data charts

symbol map

continuous data

take on any value within a range -ex: height

nominal data

the least sophisticated type of data on the scale of nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio; a type of qualitative data. -only thing you can do with nominal data is count, group, and take a proportion ex: hair color, gender, and ethnic groups

standardization

the method used for comparing two datasets that follow the normal distribution. by using a formula, every normal distribution can be transformed into the standard normal distribution -if you standardize both datasets, you can place both distributions on the same chart and more swiftly come to your insights

proportion

the primary statistic used with quantitative data - proportion is calculated by counting the number of items in a particular category, then dividing that number by the total number of observations

Justin Zobel suggests that revising your writing requires you to "be egoless—ready to dislike anything you have previously written," suggesting that it is __________ you need to pleas

the reader

ordinal data

the second most sophisticated type of data; type of qualitative data. -ordinal can be counted and categorized like nominal data and the categories can also be ranked. ex: gold, silver, bronze

A flat file is a single table of data with user-defined attributes.

true

each step of the impact model should be communicated in your write- up

true

ratio data is considered the most sophisticated type of data

true

The following are typical examples of interval data except: Time Temperature Standardized exam score Type of car owned

type of car owned