chapter 4: determine the purpose of your data visualization
The following are typical examples of nominal data except: Grade point average Zip codes Eye color Gender
GPA
normal distribution
a type of distribution in which the median, mean, and mode are all equal. so half the observations fall below the mean and half are above ex: SAT scores, heights of babies
Which of the following is not a typical example of nominal data? Gender SAT scores Hair color Ethnic group
SAT scores
standard normal distribution
a special case of the normal distribution with a mean equal to zero and a standard deviation (or variance) equal to one
The Fahrenheit scale of temperature measurement would best be described as an example of:
interval data
Which chart work best for depicting progression over time?
line chart
trend over time chart
line chart
charts used for quantitative data
line charts, box and whisker plots, scatter plots, filled geographic maps
text data charts
word cloud
interval data
-third most sophisticated type of data -interval data do not have a meaningful 0 ex: temperature
comparison charts
Bar chart Pie chart Stacked bar chart Tree map Heat map
declarative visualizations
Made when the aim of your project is to "declare" or present your findings to an audience. Charts that are declarative are typically made after the data analysis has been completed and are meant to exhibit what was found in the analysis steps.
exploratory visualizations
Made when the lines between steps P (perform test plan), A (address and refine results), and C (communicate results) are not as clearly divided as they are in a declarative visualization project. Often when you are exploring the data with visualizations, you are performing the test plan directly in visualization software such as Tableau instead of creating the chart after the analysis has been done.
charts used for qualitative data
bar charts, pie charts, stacked bar chart
outlier detection charts
box and whisker plot
Which type of chart is preferred for when quartiles, median, and outliers are required for analysis and insights?
box and whisker plots
qualitative data
categorical data. all you can do with these data are count and group. nominal or ordinal data
qualitative data is also referred to as
conceptual data
qualitative data is is __ and quantitative is ___
conceptual; data-driven
quantitative data can be either
discrete or continuous
Both nominal and ordinal data can also be referred to as data-driven.
false
after completing data analysis, the write up should include only the steps of the IMPACT cycle that are most significant
false
When work is completed with qualitative data, it will most frequently be visualized using the tools in Quadrant 1, the declarative, data-driven quadrant.
false; qualitative is not data-driven
geographic data
filled map
two types of quantitative data
interval and ratio
quantitative data
more complex than qualitative. -interval and ratio -the intervals between data points are meaningful, allowing the data to be not just counted, grouped, and ranked, but also to have more complex operations performed on them such as mean, medium, and standard deviation.
ratio data
most sophisticated type of data -quantitative data -counted and grouped -have a meaningful 0: "the absence of"
__________ data would be considered the least sophisticated type of data.
nominal
what are the two types of qualitative data
nominal and ordinal
red, yellow, and blue would be best described as an example of:
nominal data
Exhibit 4-8 gives chart suggestions for what data you'd like to portray. Those options include all of the following except: relationship. comparison. distribution. normalization.
normalization
Gold, silver, and bronze medals would be examples of:
ordinal data
conceptual
qualitative
Line charts are not recommended for what type of data?
qualitative data
data- driven
quantitative
__________ data would be considered the most sophisticated type of data.
ratio
discrete data
represented by whole numbers ex: points in a basketball game (3 pointers but not 3.5)
What is the most appropriate chart when showing a relationship between two variables (according to Exhibit 4-8)?
scatter chart
relationship between two variables chart
scatter plot
In the late 1960s, Ed Altman developed a model to predict if a company was at severe risk of going bankrupt. He called his statistic Altman's Z-score, now a widely used score in finance. Based on the name of the statistic, which statistical distribution would you guess this came from?
standardized normal distribution
geographic data charts
symbol map
continuous data
take on any value within a range -ex: height
nominal data
the least sophisticated type of data on the scale of nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio; a type of qualitative data. -only thing you can do with nominal data is count, group, and take a proportion ex: hair color, gender, and ethnic groups
standardization
the method used for comparing two datasets that follow the normal distribution. by using a formula, every normal distribution can be transformed into the standard normal distribution -if you standardize both datasets, you can place both distributions on the same chart and more swiftly come to your insights
proportion
the primary statistic used with quantitative data - proportion is calculated by counting the number of items in a particular category, then dividing that number by the total number of observations
Justin Zobel suggests that revising your writing requires you to "be egoless—ready to dislike anything you have previously written," suggesting that it is __________ you need to pleas
the reader
ordinal data
the second most sophisticated type of data; type of qualitative data. -ordinal can be counted and categorized like nominal data and the categories can also be ranked. ex: gold, silver, bronze
A flat file is a single table of data with user-defined attributes.
true
each step of the impact model should be communicated in your write- up
true
ratio data is considered the most sophisticated type of data
true
The following are typical examples of interval data except: Time Temperature Standardized exam score Type of car owned
type of car owned