Chapter 4 Eco Issues

explain why different regions of temperate grassland share characteristics in spite of the distance between the locations; mention climate, climate zones, biomes, and biotic and abiotic factors

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select an animal and describe its niche. Be sure to include the resources the animal needs and physical and biological aspects of that niche in your description

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describe the stages of primary succession in land environments mentioning the role played by grasses, lichens, trees, mosses, and shrubs

1. lichens colonize rocks and begin weathering them down 2. mosses can grow with the weathered rock and dust 3.Grass starts to grow as more dust and organic matter builds up from dead moss and lichens 4. More organic matter forms for soil from dead grass, moss, and lichen shrubs start to grow 5. As all of these die, the soil becomes more enriched and trees start to grow. 6. Leaves from the trees drop which further enrich soil and more plants start to grow eventually.

Secondary succession can also follow human activities like

1. logging 2.farming

What 2 things can happen to solar energy when it hits the Earth's surface

1. reflected back into space 2. Absorbed and converted to heat

Secondary succession often follows

1. wild life 2. hurricane .3. other natural disturbance

4.Describe the process of succession in an ecosystem.?

1.one species alters its environment other species find it easier to complete for more resources to survive 2. As organic matter accummulates other species move in and change the environment.3.over time more and more species can find suitable niches and survive.

over the course of more than _____years, a series of changes has led to the hemlock and spruce ____ currently found in the area.

100, forest.

how would the temp. on earth change without the greenhouse effect

30 degrees celsius cooler

difference between niche and habitat.

A niche consists of all physical and biological conditions in which a species lives and the way it obtains what it needs to survive. basically its job; a habitat is just where the organism lives

for example ,in Glacier Bay ,Alasaka ,a retreating glacier exposed _______ rock.

Barnch

3 green house gases

CO2, methane, water vapor

a mature,relatively stable ecosystem.

Climax communities

secondary succession in a healthy ecosystem following natural disturbances often reproduces the original climax community .Ecosystem may or may not recover extensive human caused disturbances.

Do ecosystems return to 'normal' following a disturbance?

The series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time

Ecological succession

Every organism changes the _________ it lives in.

Environment.

certain ________ like those that colonized krakatau early on are also pioneer species.

Grasses

2. What is primary succession?

It begins in areas with no remanents of an older community occurs on bare surfaces ,where no soil exists.

microclimates

Local climatic conditions that differ from the general climate of a region

Clearing and farming of tropical rain forests,for example can change the __________ and ____ enough to prevent regrowth of the original community.

Microclimate, soil

first species to colonize barren areas.

Pioneer speceies

The first species to live in an area of primary succession

Pioneer species

Begins in areas with no remnants of an older community .It occurs on bare rock surfaces where no soil exists.

Primary succession

Existing communities aren't completely destroyed

Secondary Succession

occurs when a disturbance changes a community without completely destroying it.

Secondary succession

1. What is ecological Succession?

The series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time.

What is competition?

When organisms try to use the same resources

This series shows secondary succession taking place in ______ fields of the Carolinas' Piedmont.

abandoned

range of tolerance

ability to survive and reproduce under a range of environmental conditions

As organic matter continues to __________ other species move in and ______ the environment further.

accumulate,change

we think of these events as disasters,but many species are ____ to them.

adapted

one model of succession suggests that as one species ______ its environment, other species find it easier to compete for ______ and survive.

alters, resources.

example of mutualism

anenome and clown fish

resources

any necessity of life

climate

average condition of temperature and precipitation in a region over long periods

commensalism example

barnacles attaching themselves to whales

example of predator

birds of prey

mutualism

both species benefit from the relationship

how does competition shape communities?

causing species to divide resources, helps determine the number and kind of species in a community and the niche each species occupies

can vary over short distances

climate

what abiotic factors characterize biomes

climate, soil type

secondary succession in healthy ecosystem following natural disturbances often reproduces the original __________ community.

climax

interspecific competition

competition between members of different species

intraspecific competition

competition can occur between members of the same species

niche

consists of all the physical and biological conditions in which a species lives and they way the species obtains what it needs to survive and reproduce; it's job

changes in this community will ________ for centuries.

continue

weather

day to day conditions of Earth's atmosphere

3 main climate zones are caused by

differences in latitude and unequal distribution of heat

earth's curvature causes

different latitudes to receive less or more intense solar energy

over the course of succession, the number of ________species present typically _____

different, increases

changes in keystone species results in

dramatic changes in the structure of a community

biomes

earth's terrestrial ecosystems into at least 10 different groups of regional climate communities

What causes solar radiation to strike different parts of earth's surface at an angle that varies throughout the year

earth's tilted axis

variations in animal and plant life in defined biome caused by

exposure, elevation, local soil conditions

Secondary succession proceeds ____ than primary succession ,in part because ____ survives the disturbance. As a result ,new and surviving vegetation can regrow ________

faster,soil ,rapidly

over time ,lichens convert ,or ____ atmospheric _____ into useful forms for other organisms, break down rock, and add _______ material to form _________

fix,hitrogen,organic,soil

example of parasitism

flea, tick. lice, and leech

animals compete for

food, mates, places to live and raise their young

temperature on earth stays within a range suitable for life due to the

greenhouse effect

place where the organisms lives

habitat

winds and currents move

heat and moisture through the biosphere

direct competition between species often results

in one species dying out or moving away

herbivory

interaction that occurs when an animal (herbivore) feeds on producers.

What factors affect global climate

latitude; heat transported by winds; proximity to an ocean or mountian range

warm air is ______ dense than cold air

less

Ex. one ecological pioneer that grows on bare rock is _______ a mutualistic symbiosis between a fungus and an alga.

lichen

Identify some characteristics of temperate grasslands

low rainfall, hot or warm summers cold winters. Dominated by grasses.

Often,they have areas in varying stages of secondary succession following _____ disturbances that took place at different times.

multiple

3 types of symbiosis

mutualism, commensalism, parasitism

animal resources include

nesting space, shelter, types of food, places to feed

competition exclusion principle

no two species can occupy exactly the same niche in exactly the same habitat at exactly the same time

competitive exclusion principle

no two species can occupy exactly the same niche in exactly the same habitat at the same time

competition determines

number and type of species in a community

over the last century, these fields have passed through several stages and matured into ________ forest. Changes will continue for years to come.

oak

predation

occurs when an organism (predator) captures and eats another (prey)

commensalism

one species benefits and other is neither helped nor harmed

parasitism

one species benefits by living in or on another and the other is harmed

competition occurs when

organisms use the same limited resources

example of keystone species

otters

What biotic factors characterize biomes

plant and animal life

example of competition

plant roots compete for resources such as water and sunlight

three main climate zones

polar, temperate, tropical

succession that begins in an area with no remnents of an older community.

primary succession

variations of climate over short distances

produces microclimates

tolerance

range of conditions under which it can grow or repoduce

Recent studies, however, have shown that succession doesn't always follows the _____ path, and that climax communities are not always ___________ and stable.

same, uniform.

3.When a disturbances changes a community without removing the soil ,what type of succession follows?

secondary succession

Although forest fires kill some trees,for example ,other trees are spared ,and fire can stimulate their _______ to germinate.

seeds

climate diagram

shows the average temp. and precipitation at a given location during each month of the year

deeping ocean currents are caused by

sinking of cold water near the poles

5. Why does secondary succession typically proceed faster than primary succession?

soil survives ,so many plants can regrow more rapidly.

factors that affect climate

solar energy trapped in the biosphere, by latitude, and by transport of heat by winds and ocean currents

keystone species

species on which other species in the ecosystem depend on; changes in its population cause dramatic changes

over time ,more and more __________ can find suitable ________ and survive

species, niches

Ecosystems change over time, especially after disturbances, as some ________ die out and _____ species move in.

species,new

Ecologist s used to think that succession in a given area always proceeds through the same stages to produce a specific and _________ climax community.

stable

some climax communities are disturbed so often that can't really be called ______________

stable

surface water moved by _____ results in ocean currents

sun

each biome is associated with seasonal patterns of

temperature and precipitation

in which location is the sun almost directly overhead at noon all year

the equator

unequal distribution of the sun's heat on Earth's surface results in

three main climate zones

What effect do co2 and methane have on earth's temp?

trap heat in the atmosphere

greenhouse effect

trapping of heat by gases in the atmosphere

causes winds and ocean currents

unequal heating of earth's surface

However ,detailed studies show that some climax communities are not_________

uniform

there is considerable ______ among plant and animal communities within a defined biome

variation

_________ explosions can create new land or sterilize existing areas.

volcanic

types of resources

water, nutrients, light, food, or space

symbiosis

when 2 species lively closely together

stress

when an environmental condition extends in either direction beyond an organism's optimum range

When does competition occur?

when organisms attempt to use the same limite ecological resources in the same place at the same time

example of herbivores

white tailed deer

Patterns of heating and cooling result in

wind and ocean currents

What defines a climate

year after year patterns of temperature and precipitation