Chapter 4 Human Digestion & Absorption

The large intestine absorbs about ___________ percent of the water.

10

What percent of the US population suffers from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

10-15%

Active absorption needs both a carrier protein and _____.

ATP

The metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins yields ______.

ATP

Which nutrients are absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine via active absorption?

Amino acids, Glucose

Nutrients absorbed in the small intestine are delivered to which circulatory systems in the body?

Cardiovascular system, lymphatic system

Place the five sections of the colon in the order in which a substance would pass through the large intestine after it leaves the small intestine.

Cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon

The smallest functional unit of the body is called a _____________.

Cell

Feces in the rectum are a powerful stimulation for ______________.

Defecation

Which of the following are examples of organ systems (system of the body)?

Digestive system & Endocrine system

Which of the following nutrients are absorbed in the lymphatic system?

Fat-soluble vitamins, Most fats

Which of the following is absorbed via passive diffusion?

Fats

Which of the following yield energy?

Fats, Carbohydrates, Proteins

Which nutrient is absorbed via facilitated diffusion?

Fructose

Identify three organs that are important parts of the digestive system, that do not come in direct contact with food matter in the gastrointestinal tract.

Gallbladder, Liver, Pancreas

These accessory organs function along with the small intestine in the digestive process.

Gallbladder, Liver, Pancreas

This GI regulatory hormone is released by the stomach and duodenum and triggers the stomach to release HCl and pepsinogen.

Gastrin

Which of the following nutrients is NOT absorbed via facilitated diffusion?

Glucose

The ____________ intestine is the main site where electrolytes, especially sodium and potassium, are absorbed.

Large

Feces are formed and held in which organ?

Large intestine

Which of the following are components of saliva? Select all that apply.

Lipase, mucus, amylase

List the organs of digestive tract in order, from start to finish.

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Which layer of the wall of the intestinal tract has many tiny fingerlike structures that project into the GI lumen and trap nutrients?

Mucosa

A substance that serves as fuel for bacteria in the large intestine is called a ______.

Prebiotic

________ are live microorganisms, such as Lactobacilli found in yogurt, that when consumed in sufficient amounts, colonize the large intestine and provide health benefits.

Probiotics

This GI regulatory hormone is released by the small intestine in response to acidic chyme and stimulates release of pancreatic bicarbonate.

Secretin

Beneficial bacteria reside in the ________ intestine.

Small

Which of the following statements is true regarding fiber in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome?

Soluble fiber is more effective than insoluble fiber. An overall increase in dietary fiber has not been supported as an effective treatment for IBS.

Identify causes of hemorrhoids.

Straining during bowel movements Added stress to the veins of the rectum and anus Pregnancy and obesity

This layer of the four layers of the wall of the intestinal tract contains the blood vessels that carry nutrients and other substances both to and from the GI tract.

Submucosa

What is a collection of cells adapted to perform a specific function?

Tissue

How much digestive fluid (including water, mucus, acid, digestive enzymes, bile, and hormones) is secreted into the GI tract over the course of a day?

about 29 cups

The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are part of the digestive system but are considered _____ structures.

accessory

When a nutrient requires a carrier protein and energy in order to be absorbed, this is called

active absorption

Which of the following dietary components are absorbed by the cells lining the stomach? (Select all that apply.)

alcohol and water

Factors that contribute to the development of irritable bowel syndrome include

altered gut immunity. psychosocial distress. abnormal intestinal motility.

Medications such as _____ can cause constipation.

antacids antidepressants opioids

Medications used to treat GERD include ______.

antacids proton pump inhibitors

HCl destroys most harmful ________ and viruses in foods.

bacteria

HCl destroys most harmful __________ and viruses in foods.

bacteria

Most cases of diarrhea result from

bacterial infection viral infection

Dietary supplements of ____ can also cause constipation.

calcium and iron

The ______ system is an example of an organ system.

cardiovascular

Digestive enzymes __________.

catalyze chemical reactions and are made of protein

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease can

cause liver swelling. occur when liver cells store excess fat.

This GI regulatory hormone is released by the small intestine in response to fat and stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes and bile.

cholecystokinin

Gallstones are composed of ________.

cholesterol and bile pigments

The liquid contents of the stomach are a mixture of gastric secretions and partially digested food known as ______.

chyme

Peristalsis is a coordinated wave of relaxation and contraction of _____ muscles.

circular and longitudinal

A common GI tract problem in which the stool is loose and watery is ____________.

diarrhea

In healthy individuals, the largest influence on gut microbial composition is

diet

Molecules produced in the salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, and intestine that speed up digestion by catalyzing chemical reactions are called ______.

digestive enzymes

The roles of HCl produced by the stomach include

dissolves dietary minerals, destroys harmful bacteria and viruses, and inactivates biological activity of consumed proteins.

Arrange the parts of the small intestine in the order they appear in the GI tract.

dueodenum, jejunum, and ileum

The first part of the small intestine is the ________________.

duodenum

What is needed to facilitate active absorption?

energy, carrier protein

Food intolerances are caused by the inability to digest certain food components, usually due to a lack of specific ______________.

enzymes

When swallowing a bite of food, the ______ closes over the trachea to allow the bolus to enter the esophagus.

epiglottis

Swallowing moves food from the mouth to the ________.

esophagus

Factors that influence adult human gut microbiome composition include

exercise, smoking, alcohol

The choice of system used to transport nutrients is based primarily on whether the nutrients are

fat or water soluble.

Current research does not support the use of dietary _________ in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.

fiber

Intestinal gas that is passed through the rectum is called

flatus

Which protein found in wheat can trigger an autoimmune response that damages the villi of the small intestine?

gluten

Gallstones may be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a _______.

golf ball

Fluids involved in the processes of digestion and absorption may contain ______.

hormones, water, mucus, acid

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is characterized by

inflammation or scarring of the liver

The large intestine is described as large compared to the small intestine because it is ______.

larger in diameter than the small intestine

Identify lifestyle changes used to treat GERD.

losing weight, managing stress

The role of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine is to ______.

make vitamin K and biotin digest and metabolize complex carbohydrates, fibers, and starches

Put the following digestive organs in the order they come in contact with food.

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

Inflammatory bowel disease is _____ irritable bowel syndrome.

not the same as

Complications of inflammatory bowel disease include

nutritional deficiencies such as anemia and osteoporosis protein-calorie malnutrition

Ulcers of the stomach most often occur in which age group?

older adults

Secretions from the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are delivered into the small intestine via the _________.

pancreatic duct and bile duct

Waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract are called ___________.

peristalsis

Lingual lipase and salivary amylase are two components of the liquid called ________ which is produced by glands in the mouth.

saliva

Lingual lipase and salivary amylase are two components of the liquid called _________ which is produced by glands in the mouth.

saliva

Younger people most often develop ulcers in the

small intestine

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is often triggered by

specific foods.

Only a small amount of nutrient absorption occurs in the __________.

stomach

The unpleasant odor associated with flatulence is mainly attributed to

sulfur

The contents of the stomach pass through the pyloric sphincter at the rate of a ______ at a time.

teaspoon

Common causes of food intolerances include

toxic contaminants such as mold or bacteria deficiencies in digestive enzymes sensitivities to a food component (such as gluten)

The five primary taste sensations are sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and _________.

umami

Identify the nutrients that are absorbed via passive diffusion.

water and fats

Gluten is found in which of the following grains?

wheat rye barley

Foods that contain prebiotics include ______.

whole grains, seeds, bananas

Irritable bowel syndrome is more common in younger ______.

women

The most common forms of inflammatory bowel disease in the United States are

Crohn's disease ulcerative colitis

_________ are swollen veins of the rectum and anus.

Hemorrhoids

These nutrients would be picked up into the lymphatic system.

Large protein molecules

Which of the following nutrients are absorbed in the cardiovascular system? (Select more than one.)

Proteins, carbohydrates, B-vitamins, vitamin C Water-soluble nutrients Short- and medium-chain fatty acids

Which of the following are true about the lymphatic system?

The villi contain lacteals to transport nutrients to larger lymph vessels. Lymph is a clear fluid until carrying fats, which causes the lymph to look milky.

Absorption is ______.

the uptake of nutrients from the GI tract into either the blood or the lymph