Chapter 4: Introduction to Organic Compounds

Molecular formula

A chemical formula that shows the number and kinds of atoms in a molecule, but not the arrangement of the atoms. (C3H3)

saturated hydrocarbon

A hydrocarbon in which all the bonds between carbon atoms are single bonds

4 carbon prefix for hydrocarbons (C4H8)

But-

What is the molecular formula for cyclohexane?

C6H12

carbonyl group

C=O

When Hydrocarbons are completely combusted the products are

CO2+H2O

Alkanes undergo a reaction with oxygen is called __________

Combustion

Stereoisomers

Compounds with the same structural formula but with a different arrangement of the atoms in space.

The compound C6H12 is an alkane. Specifically, it is an example of ____________.

Cycloaklyane

2 carbon prefix for hydrocarbons (CH4)

Eth-

Alkanes

Hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds

Alkenes

Hydrocarbons with one or more carbon-carbon double bonds

Fats with one bound bond is called

Monounsaturated

3 carbon prefix for hydrocarbons (C3H6)

Prop-

Name the alkyl substituent below: −CH2CH2CH3

Propyl

Cycloalkanes

Saturated hydrocarbons with carbon atoms joined in a ring

Skeletal structures

Show the carbon-carbon bonds as lines, but do not show the carbons or the hydrogens that are bonded to the carbons.

Which of the following terms describes the relationship between two molecules with identical molecular formulas but differing arrangement of atoms (connectivity)?

Structural isomers

nomenclature of simple alkanes

Substituents + parent name + suffix

Alkynes

a carbon compound with a carbon-carbon triple bond.

Lewis structure

a diagram of a molecule showing how the valence electrons are arranged among the atoms in the molecule

unsaturated hydrocarbon

a hydrocarbon that contains one or more double or triple bonds

Cycloalkanes

alkanes in which the carbon atoms are arranged in a ring, or cyclic, structure

Saturated fatty acids

are long, straight-chain alkane-like compounds that do not contain double bonds and have a carboxylic acid group at one end.

Biomolecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Alkanes are made up entirely of which two elements

carbon and hydrogen

The C=O found in several functional groups is known as _____.

carbonyl

organic coumpounds

composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen but may also include oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus and other elements.

When the five-carbon alkane, pentane, is represented as CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3, it is known as the _____.

condensed structure

Aromatic compounds

contain a benzene ring

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons—Alkenes

double C bonds

Resonance hybrid

electrons in the double bonds are shared evenly by all six carbons

A group of atoms bonded in a particular way is called a

functional group

Elements other than carbon and hydrogen that are present in an organic compound are called _____.

heteroatoms

Elements other than carbon and hydrogen that are present in an organic compound are called ___________.

heteroatoms

Haloalkanes

hydrocarbon compounds in which a hydrogen atom has been replaced by a halogen atom (found on 7A on the periodic table)

Enatiomers

isomers that are mirror images of each other

Fatty acids belong to a class of biomolecules called

lipids

Terpenes

metabolic precursors to steroids and other lipid signaling molecules, carbons are grouped in multiples of 5

1 carbon prefix for hydrocarbons

meth-

Alkanes are ____ compounds

nonpolar

most common heteroatom

oxygen

Aromatic compounds containing two or more benzene rings are called

polycyclic aromatic compounds

fats with two or more double bonds are called

polyunsaturated

condensed structural formula

structural molecular formula showing the general arrangement of atoms but without showing all the covalent bonds (CH3-CH2-CH3)

Isomerism

two compounds with same chemical formula can have quite different structures