Chapter 4: Introduction to Organic Compounds
Molecular formula
A chemical formula that shows the number and kinds of atoms in a molecule, but not the arrangement of the atoms. (C3H3)
saturated hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbon in which all the bonds between carbon atoms are single bonds
4 carbon prefix for hydrocarbons (C4H8)
But-
What is the molecular formula for cyclohexane?
C6H12
carbonyl group
C=O
When Hydrocarbons are completely combusted the products are
CO2+H2O
Alkanes undergo a reaction with oxygen is called __________
Combustion
Stereoisomers
Compounds with the same structural formula but with a different arrangement of the atoms in space.
The compound C6H12 is an alkane. Specifically, it is an example of ____________.
Cycloaklyane
2 carbon prefix for hydrocarbons (CH4)
Eth-
Alkanes
Hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds
Alkenes
Hydrocarbons with one or more carbon-carbon double bonds
Fats with one bound bond is called
Monounsaturated
3 carbon prefix for hydrocarbons (C3H6)
Prop-
Name the alkyl substituent below: −CH2CH2CH3
Propyl
Cycloalkanes
Saturated hydrocarbons with carbon atoms joined in a ring
Skeletal structures
Show the carbon-carbon bonds as lines, but do not show the carbons or the hydrogens that are bonded to the carbons.
Which of the following terms describes the relationship between two molecules with identical molecular formulas but differing arrangement of atoms (connectivity)?
Structural isomers
nomenclature of simple alkanes
Substituents + parent name + suffix
Alkynes
a carbon compound with a carbon-carbon triple bond.
Lewis structure
a diagram of a molecule showing how the valence electrons are arranged among the atoms in the molecule
unsaturated hydrocarbon
a hydrocarbon that contains one or more double or triple bonds
Cycloalkanes
alkanes in which the carbon atoms are arranged in a ring, or cyclic, structure
Saturated fatty acids
are long, straight-chain alkane-like compounds that do not contain double bonds and have a carboxylic acid group at one end.
Biomolecules
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Alkanes are made up entirely of which two elements
carbon and hydrogen
The C=O found in several functional groups is known as _____.
carbonyl
organic coumpounds
composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen but may also include oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus and other elements.
When the five-carbon alkane, pentane, is represented as CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3, it is known as the _____.
condensed structure
Aromatic compounds
contain a benzene ring
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons—Alkenes
double C bonds
Resonance hybrid
electrons in the double bonds are shared evenly by all six carbons
A group of atoms bonded in a particular way is called a
functional group
Elements other than carbon and hydrogen that are present in an organic compound are called _____.
heteroatoms
Elements other than carbon and hydrogen that are present in an organic compound are called ___________.
heteroatoms
Haloalkanes
hydrocarbon compounds in which a hydrogen atom has been replaced by a halogen atom (found on 7A on the periodic table)
Enatiomers
isomers that are mirror images of each other
Fatty acids belong to a class of biomolecules called
lipids
Terpenes
metabolic precursors to steroids and other lipid signaling molecules, carbons are grouped in multiples of 5
1 carbon prefix for hydrocarbons
meth-
Alkanes are ____ compounds
nonpolar
most common heteroatom
oxygen
Aromatic compounds containing two or more benzene rings are called
polycyclic aromatic compounds
fats with two or more double bonds are called
polyunsaturated
condensed structural formula
structural molecular formula showing the general arrangement of atoms but without showing all the covalent bonds (CH3-CH2-CH3)
Isomerism
two compounds with same chemical formula can have quite different structures
