Chapter 4 LearnSmart

Arrange the parts of the small intestine in order they appear in the GI tract -Ileum -Jejunum -Duodenum

-Duodenum -Jejunum -Ileum

Digestive System

Breakdown and absorption of food

Solvent

Substance in which the solute dissolves

Duodenum

bicarbonate (an alkaline fluid) is secreted here

The main function of ____ is to emulsify fat, thus assisting in fat digestion

bile

Digestive system

breaks down food both mechanically and chemically

Humans are a mixture of chemicals which are organized into

cells

Nervous system

detects sensations, controls physiological and intellectual functions

The mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestines are major structures of the

digestive system

Solubility

ease with which a substance dissolves in a liquid solvent

To remedy constipation, you should

eat more fiber

The ____ is the open space inside a structure such as the small intestine

lumen

What is the primary organ of the respiratory system?

lungs

Identify the organs that work together to maintain the acid-base balance of the blood

lungs and kidneys

Chylomicrons are transported by ____ and eventually enter the blood stream via a vein near the heart

lymph

Integumentary System

prevents invasion by disease causing bacteria

Certain brand of yogurt contain microbes called _____ designed to improve gut health

probiotics

What is the name for the cell structure that stores the genetic material that directs protein synthesis in the cell?

the nucleus

Anatomy

the scientific study of cells and other body structures

Physiology

the study of how cells and other body structures function

Self-contained, living structures that have similar characteristics and functions, join together to form

tissues

Enzymes

-are recyclable -speed up chemical reactions

Homeostasis can be disrupted by

-lengthy periods of sickness -time of starvation or dieting -changed in the cell's internal environment

Identify three organs that are and important part of the digestive system, even though they do not come in direct contact with food matter in the gastrointestinal tract

-liver -pancreas -gallbladder

What is responsible for the development of most stomach ulcers?

H. pylori

Electrolytes

Ions that conduct electricity when dissolved in water

Solute

Substance that dissolve in the solvent

How is the stomach lining protected by the stomach's acidic environment?

a mucus lining

The ____ cells complete digestion and remove nutrients from chyme and transfer them into capillaries of lymph vessels

aborptive

Jejunum

absorption of nutrients occurs in the upper part

A(n) _____ loses hydrogen when dissolved in water, whereas a(n) ______ accepts hydrogen when dissolved in water

acid; base

The exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the blood and the cells throughout the body occurs across the cells lining the

capillaries

Baking a cake involves a chemical reaction between the baking soda and cream of tartar forming ____ which "raises" the cake, giving it a light airy structure

carbon dioxide

The breakdown of food due to the action of enzyme would be an example of

chemical digestion

The mixture of gastric juices and partially digested food formed in the stomach is called

chyme

Nutrition therapy for mild causes of constipation includes

consuming more fiber daily

A disease that produces thick mucus that block passageways, particularly in the respiratory and digestive system is called

cystic fibrosis

The _____ is a flap of tissue that prevents food from entering the larynx and trachea during food consumption

epiglottis

Solution

evenly distributed mixture of two or more compounds

T/F: the lymphatic system is responsible for transport of water-soluble nutrients

false

Molecule

forms when two or more atoms are joined together

The ability to control the external and sphincter voluntarily usually occurs by ____ years of age

four

Prompt treatment for diarrhea is especially important for

infants and the elderly

Filtering the blood is a function of which organ?

kidney

The _____ intestine does NOT have villi

large

The ____ uses cholesterol to make bile

liver

The hepatic portal vein takes water-soluble nutrients to the _______

liver

Constipation can be caused by a diet that is ___ in fiber and water

low

As food enters the stomach, what constricts closing the opening between the esophagus and the stomach?

lower gastroesophagel sphincter

The circulatory and the ______ system are responsible for circulating fluids throughout the body

lymphatic

The mixing of food by muscular contractions is an example of

mechanical digestion

______ is the sum of all chemical reactions occurring in living cells

metabolism

Ileum

minimal absorption occurs here

The villi facilitate absorption of nutrients in the small intestine by:

moving nutrients from chyme into blood or lymph

The main organs of the muscular system are the

muscles

Which system of the body produces heat to help maintain normal body temperature?

muscular system

When an atom gains one electron, it has a ___ charge.

negative

The brain, spinal chord, and nerves make up which system of the body?

nervous system

What is the name for a human being that can digest and absorb nutrients from plants, animals, fungi and even bacteria?

omnivore

When we have a cold, food often does not taste as good because

our noses are blocked, and our sense of smell contributes to our sense of taste

The small intestine and the ____ produce the most digestive enzymes

pancreas

Soybeans, berries, garlic, barley, kale, and legumes are rich sources of

prebiotics

Salivary glands

produce and secrete saliva

Pancreas

produce and secrete the majority of digestive enzymes

Liver

produces and secretes bile

Endocrine system

regulates metabolism through the action of homeostasis

Gallbladder

release bile into duodenum

Lymphatic system

removes foreign substances from the blood and aids in fat absorption

Urinary System

removes waste products from the circulatory system

A(n) ____ forms when an acid reacts with a base

salt

Ringlike muscular contractions followed by relaxations that are designed to help mix the chyme in the small intestine are called

segmentation

What is the largest organ of the body?

skin

Almost all of the macronutrients are digested and absorbed in the ____ intestine

small

Amylase is the enzyme needed to digest

starch

The acid in the ____ helps to activate digestive enzymes, makes proteins easier to digest, and kills many dieases causing microorganisms

stomach

Skeletal System

storage of minerals

Absorption

substances are taken up from the GI tract and enter the blood stream or the lymph

Cardiovascular System

transports nutrients, waste, gases, and hormones throughout the body

Element

type of atom that cannot be divided into a simple compound

After blood flows through the body, it returns to the heart through the

veins

What are causes of diarrhea?

-More water than normal is secreted into the GI tract -The GI tract absorbs less water than normal.

Which of the following is a primary taste sensation?

Umami

The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are part of the digestive system but are considered to be ____ structures

accessory

The main function of the gastroesophagel sphincter is to

close the opening between the esophagus and the stomach

Waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract are called

peristalsis

Reproductive System

to produce children

T/F: Molecules can contain the same or different elements

true

The names of most enzymes end with

-ase

The cardiovascular system is made up of which of the following components?

-blood -heart -blood vessels

Which of the following are functions of the nervous system?

-controls and regulates hunger -transmits information

Which of the following are examples of organ systems?

-digestive system -endocrine system

List organs in the order they occur in the gastrointestinal tract

-esophagus -stomach -small intestine -large intestine -rectum

Which of the following is a symptom of GERD?

-gagging -noarseness -nausea

The length of time it take for the stomach to empty

-is influenced by the amount of food and type of nutrients consumed -varies with the amount of liquid consumed

The pH of the blood

-is maintained by buffers -is slightly alkaline -ranges between 7.35-7.45

A cell

-is specialized to perform a particular function -is the smallest functional unit of an organism

Choose the statements that are true about inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

-it is a general name for a group of diseases that cause inflammation and swelling of the intestines -ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are the two most common forms -the cause is unknown

In contrast to the small intestine, the large intestine:

-lacks digestive enzymes -lack villi -has increased bacterial action

Irritable bowel syndrome can be characterized by

-loose stools -sensation of incomplete elimination -constipation

The role of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine is to

-make vitamin K and biotin -metabolize undigested food

The absorptive cells of the villus

-move nutrients from chyme into intestinal blood -move nutrients from chyme into lacteals

When should a physician be consulted for vomiting?

-presence of blood (coffee ground looking) in the vomit -combined with fever and diarrhea

Which of the following are components of blood?

-red and white blood cells -plasma

The endocrine system includes

-regulation of metabolism -the workings of hormones -the thyroid gland and fat cells

Which of the following are function of the lymphatic system?

-returns fluid that collects between cells back to the bloodstream -transport of absorbed dietary fats -defense of the body against invading pathogens

Components of saliva include

-salivary amylase -lingual lipase

Heartburn can be worsened by

-smoking cigarettes -excess body fat -drinking alcohol

Which of the following are the principal organs of the skeletal system?

-tendons -bones -ligaments