Chapter 4 Noe: Learning and Transfer of Training

What are ways to increase self-efficacy?

Verbal persuasion, logical verification, observation of others (modeling), and past accomplishments

How can transfer be maximized? (Theory of identical elements)

When the degree of the tasks, materials, equipment, and other characteristics of the learning environment are similar to those encountered in the work environment

reinforcement theory

emphasizes that people are motivated to perform or avoid certain behaviors because of past outcomes that have resulted from those behaviors

social learning theory

emphasizes that people learn by observing other people (models) who they believe are credible and knowledgable

positive reinforcement

pleasurable outcome resulting from a behavior

punishment

presenting an unpleasant outcome after a behavior, leading to a decrease in that behavior

Theory of identical elements

proposes that transfer of training occurs when what is being learned in the training session is identical to the tasks the trainee has to perform on the job.

Goal orientation

refers to the goals held by a trainee in a learning situation (either learning or performance orientation)

practice

refers to the physical or mental rehearsal of a task, knowledge, or skill to achieve proficiency in performing the task or skill or demonstrating the knowledge

training context

refers to the physical, intellectual, and emotional environment in which training occurs

Maintenance

refers to the process of trainees continuing to use what they have learned over time

Far transfer

refers to the trainees ability to apply learned capabilities to the work environment, even though the work environment is not identical to that of the training session

Generalization

refers to trainee's ability to apply what has been learned to on-the-job work problems and situations that are similar but not necessarily identical to those problems and situations encountered in the learning environment

extinction

the process of withdrawing positive or negative reinforcers to eliminate a behavior

rehearsal

the simplest learning strategy, focuses on learning through repetition

Valence

the value that a person places on an outcome

What three things contribute to learning?

1) trainee characteristics 2) training design 3) work environment

Andragogy

Adult learning theory

What are the assumptions of adult learning theory?

Adults have the need to know WHY they are learning something Adults have a need to be self-directed Adults bring more work-related experiences into the learning situation Adults enter a learning experience with a problem-centered approach to learning Adults are motivated to learn by both extrinsic and intrinsic motivators

Goal setting theory

Assumes that behavior results from a person's conscious goals and intentions

What are the processes of social learning theory?

Attention, Retention, Motor Reproduction, Motivational Process

What is the process of the social learning theory?

Attention, Retention, Motor Reproduction, Motivational Processes

What are the three components to an attitude?

Cognitive, affective, intentional

What are the four stages of learning?

Concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, active experimentation

What are the three types of learning strategies?

Elaboration, Rehearsal, Organizing

What are the three components of expectancy theory?

Expectancy, Instrumentality, Valence

What type of transfer is Stimulus Generalization Approach?

Far transfer

What's included in the transfer of training?

Generalization and Maintenance

What are the three Transfer of Training Theories?

Identical elements, stimulus generalization, cognitive

Retention in SLT

Learners must remember the behaviors or skills that they observe

What type of transfer is Identical Elements Theory?

Near transfer

Which theory suggests that to motivate trainees, trainers should identify trainee's needs and communicate how training program content relates to fulfilling those needs

Need Theory

generalizing

Not being able to reproduce exactly what was learned but also being able to adapt the learning for use in similar but not identical situations

What are the three components of training objectives?

Performance/Outcome Criterion (level of performance expected) Condition

internal conditions

Refers to processes within the learner that must be present for learning to occur, processes include how information is registered, stored in memory, and recalled

boosters

Refer to retrieval opportunities that can help the learner's brain consider training information as important and help retain it (retrieve from LTM)

training administration

Refers to coordinating activities before, during, and after the program.

error management training

Refers to giving trainees opportunities to make errors during training.

communities of practice

Refers to groups of employees who work together, learn from each other, and develop a common understanding of how to get work accomplished

learner-learner interaction

Refers to interaction between learners, with or without an instructor

external conditions

Refers to processes in the learning environment that facilitate learning conditions include physical learning environment, as well as opportunities to practice and receive feedback and reinforcement

mental requirements

Refers to the degree to which the task requires the subject to use or demonstrate mental skills or cognitive skills or abilities to perform the task

climate for transfer

Refers to trainees' perceptions about a wide variety of characteristics of the work environment that facilitate or inhibit the use of trained skills or behavior

working storage

Rehearsal and repetition of information occurs

What learning theory is the primary basis for behavior modeling?

Social Learning Theory

What are the steps of the Information Processing Theory?

Stimulus or Message Receptors (eyes, ears, etc.) Sensory Registration Short-term memory Long-term memory Response Generator-organizes the learner's response and tells the effectors (muscles) what to do Environment/Feedback

lapses

Take place when the trainee uses previously learned, less effective capabilities instead of trying to apply the capability emphasized in the training program

Need theory

Theory helps explain the value that a person places on certain outcomes. Suggests that to motivate learning, trainers should identify trainee's needs and communicate how training program content relates to fulfilling those needs

What are the obstacles that inhibit learning and transfer of learning?

Work-related obstacles like inadequate equipment or time pressures Lack of peer support Lack of management support

Instrumentality in expectancy theory

a belief that performing a given behavior is associated with a particular outcome

whole practice

all tasks or objectives should be practiced at the same time

Expectancies in expectancy theory

beliefs about the link between trying to perform a behavior and actually performing well

attitudes

combination of beliefs and feelings that predispose a person to behave a certain way

massed practice

conditions are those in which individuals practice a task continually, without resting

physical requirements

degree to which the task requires the person to use or demonstrate physical skills and abilities to perform and complete the task

part practice

each objectives for task should be practiced individually as soon as it is introduced in the training program

intellectual skills

include concepts and rules, which are critical to solve problems, serve customers, and create products

motor skills

include coordination of physical movements

spaced practice

individuals are given rest intervals within practice sessions

feedback

information about how well people are meeting the training objectives

modeling

involves having employees who already have mastered the learning outcomes demonstrate them for trainees

Reflection

involves having trainees spend a short amount of time reviewing and writing about what they learned and how they performed

retrieval

involves identifying learned material in long-term memory and using it to influence performance

logical verification

involves perceiving a relationship between a new task and a task already mastered

Motor Reproduction in STL

involves trying out the observed behaviors to see if they result in the same reinforcement that the model received

self-efficacy

is a person's judgement about whether he or she can successfully learn knowledge and skills

open skills

linked to more general learning principles like customer service. More general principles are given

verbal information

names or labels, facts, and bodies of knowledge

verbal persuasion

offering words of encouragement to convince others they can learn

past accomplishments

refer to allowing employees to build a history of successful accomplishments

Closed skills

refer to training objectives that are linked to learning specific skills that are to be identically produced by the trainee on the job. There is only one correct way

self-managment

refers to a person's attempt to control certain aspects of his or her decision making and behavior

Learning

refers to a relatively permanent change in human capabilities that can include knowledge, skills, attitudes, behaviors, and competencies that are not the result of growth process

key behaviors

refers to a set of behaviors that can be used successfully in a wide variety of situations

metacognition

refers to an individual's control over his or her own thoughts and learning process

learner-instructor interaction

refers to interaction between the learner and the expert (trainer)

Performance orientation

refers to learners who focus on task performance and how they compare to others. Value high ability more than learning

automatization

refers to making performance of a task, recall of knowledge, or demonstration of a skill so automatic that it requires little thought or attention

perception

refers to the ability to organize the message from the environment so that it can be processed and acted upon

semantic coding

refers to the actual coding process of incoming messages

overall task complexity

refers to the degree to which a task requires a number of distinct behaviors, the number of choices involved in performing the task, and the degree of uncertainty in performing the task

Fidelity

refers to the extent to which the training environment is similar to the work environment

gratifying

refers to the feedback that the learner receives as a result of using learning content

Transfer of training

refers to trainees effectively and continually applying what they have learned in training to their jobs

microlearning

refers to training delivered in small pieces or chunks designed to engage trainees, motivate them to learn, and help facilitate retention

cognitive strategies

regulate the process of learning. Relate to a learner's decision regarding what information to attend to, how to remember information, and how to solve problems

Learning orientation

relates to trying to increase one's ability or competence in a task. Believe that training success is defined as showing improvement and making progress

negative reinforcement

removal of an unpleasant outcome

organizing

requires the learner to find similarities and themes in the training material

elaboration

requires the trainee to relate the training material to other, more familiar knowledge, skills, or behaviors

Expectancy theory

suggests that a person's behavior is based on three factors: expectancy, instrumentality, and valence

Attention in the Social Learning Theory

suggests that persons cannot learn by observation unless they are aware of the important aspects of a model's performance. Learners must be aware of the skills or behavior they are supposed to observe.

stimulus generalization approach

suggests that transfer of training occurs when training emphasizes the most important features of a task or general principles that can be used to complete a task or solve a problem

one-trial learning

the first time trainees correctly demonstrate a behavior or skill or correctly recall knowledge

learner-content interaction

the learner interacts with the training content

self-regulation

the learner's involvement with the training material and assessing their progress toward learning

cognitive theory of transfer

the likelihood of transfer is increased by providing trainees with meaningful material that enhances the chances that they will link what they encounter in the work environment to the learned capability

Near training

trainee works on tasks during training that are very similar, if not identical, to the work environment

far transfer

transfer of learning when tasks during training are different from the work environment

overlearning

when trainees have been able to perform the objective several times