Chapter 4 review questins

Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre

August 24, 1572, 20,000 Huguenots were killed. There were rumors that Catherine de Medicis life was in danger and there was a plot to overthrow the Guise family- this was an act to show the power of the Catholics and to be fearful of anything Showed people that the war was more about politics and power than religion

How did politics shape the religious positions of Catherine de Medicis? What events led her to support the Bartholomew's Day Massacre?

Charles IX was the son of Catherine de Medici who also had so much power. With support from her, the Catholics were able to kill over 20,000 Huguenots. This was the start of the bloody war between the Huguenots and Catholics for the next 15 years to come.

What was Spain's (Philip II's) goal in the Netherlands? Discuss and analyze the failures of Spanish policy (Philip II) in the Netherlands. What were the consequences of their failure?

Complete christian unity Netherlands join with England to take on Spain Netherlands become independent Netherlands gain economic power

Ferdinand II

Ferdinand II, a member of the House of Habsburg, was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, and King of Hungary. His rule coincided with the Thirty Years' War. Ferdinand's aim, as a zealous Catholic, was to restore Catholicism as the only religion in the Empire and suppress Protestantism.

Pacification of Ghent

In the Netherlands, (1576) the union of 10 catholic southern provinces and 7 protestant northern provinces against Spain; internal regional soveregnty in religion.

Politiques-

In the midst of religious strife, these rulers stressed: political unity, compromise and toleration or indifference in religious matters

Philip II

Son of Charles V, created the Golden Age of Spain, extremely powerful Catholic ruler of Habsburg lands. Spain waged several wars in the Mediterranean. Defeated the Turks at the Battle of Lepanto, annexed Portugal and gained access to their empires.

Huguenots

they were French Calvinists and by 1560 made up 1/15 of the population

Spanish Armada

1588 Philip II planned invasion of England. Spain's navy destroyed, rise of England as a world naval power. Spain lost many of their ships, while England's were not destroyed- the weather favored England.

Edict of Nantes-

1598 created by Henry IV. Granted Huguenots (French Calvinists) freedom and right of worship.

Henry of Navarre (Henry IV of France), Elizabeth I, and William of Orange were all politiques. What does the term mean and why does it apply to these three rulers?

A politique means that they are a ruler who stresses political unity, compromise and toleration or indifference in religious matters. Elizabeth I was a politique in that she created the Elizabethan Settlement and tried to find a middle between Catholics and Protestants, and she created the Act of Supremacy which made the king and queen the head of Church of England. Henry IV of France was a well liked Huguenot in which he preached tolerance, and his conversion to Catholicism was more of a symbol to show that it was okay to be both. He created the Edict of nantes which proclaimed and recognized sanctioned Huguenots rights within France and granted them freedom of worship. William of Orange was a politique for he led the protestant northern alliances into military with the Catholic southern provinces which drove out the Spanish.

Edict of Restitution

Emperor Ferdinand created this in which this Edict made Calvinism an outlaw and brought back properties of the Catholic Church

Gustavus Adolphus

He went to Germany and in order to stop the Spanish from coming into the war offered to subsidize him. Gustavus defeated the army.

Henry of Navarre (Henry IV)

Henry IV, also known by the epithet "Good King Henry", was King of Navarre from 1572 to 1610 and King of France from 1589 to 1610. He embraced Catholicism in public, although he was a Huguenot. Eventually, he converted to Catholicism as a symbolic action. He granted the Huguenots religious tolerance with the Edict of Nantes

Elizabeth I

Most succesful Politique who placed political necessities above her personal beliefs and strove to find a middle course that moderate Catholics and Protestants could accept. She restored the Church of England. Thirty Nine Articles allowed moderate protestantism to be the official religion within the Church of England (btw she rejected Philip II's hand in marriage because she thought it would weaken England)

How did Spain gain a position of dominance in the 16th century? What were Philip II's successes and failures?

Philip II successes were that he was able to wage several wars in the Mediterranean, and he defeated the turks at the Battle of Lepanto. He annexed Portugal and gained access to their empires. Although, he wa forceful leader and he imposed Catholicism on his people and the lands which he had control over. Although a failure of his was the Dutch Revolt. Philip II tried to conquer the Netherlands and impose Catholicism (Spanish Inquisition), although this failed and William of Orange took over and the Dutch created a republic and received aid from England under Elizabeth I.

Mary I/ "Bloody Mary"

Raised Catholic like her mother Catherine of Aragon and reestablished the Catholic Church in England that killed many protestants and had about 300 heretics burned at the stake

Albrecht von Wallenstein

Raised an army for Ferdinand II who defeated the Protestants in Germany.

Catherine de Medici-

She was the leader of France and married Henry II. She was held responsible for starting the wars of religion in France.

Treaty of Westphalia

Signed in 1648, This ended the Thirty Years War; recognized Dutch Independence, extended terms of the Peace of Augsburg to Calvinists, weakened the authority of the Holy Roman Empire; England, Dutch and France gained power while Spain and the Holy Roman Empire lost power.

Puritans

The Puritans were a group of English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries, including, but not limited to, English Calvinists. Puritanism in this sense was founded by John Calvin from the clergy shortly after the accession of Elizabeth I of England in 1558, as an activist movement within the Church of England. (Stricter Calvinists)

Thirty Years' War

was a complicated series of battles in 4 phases b/t countries with radically opposed political/religious agendas. It was the most important war of the 17th century