Chapter 4 Smartbook

What determines identity diffusion?

Absence of both crisis and commitment

Which of the following statements about SES and adolescent self-esteem is true?

Adolescents from higher-SES backgrounds have higher self-esteem than their lower-SES counterparts.

One study found that experienced authenticity of the self is highest among which of the following groups?

Adolescents who receive support from their parents

What is the best definition of differentiation in adolescence?

Becoming aware that everyone has different selves in different contexts

Which theorists developed a temperament classification system in which most children are considered to be easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up?

Chess and Thomas

Which of the following are environmental influences that can encourage or discourage the persistence of temperament characteristics?

Culture Goodness of fit

Chess and Thomas' classification system placed children into which categories of temperament?

Difficult Easy Slow-to-warm-up

What best characterizes ethnic identity?

Enduring

According to Marcia, which of the following aspects of the young adolescent's development are most important to identity development? (Select all that apply.)

Established sense of industry Self-reflective stance toward the future Confidence in parental support

Which of the following is a common area in which people construct an identity? (Select all that apply.)

Ethnicity Sexuality Career Political affiliation Spiritual beliefs

True or false: At age 14, Maria has formed an integrated, coherent self.

False

True or false: Children are likelier than adolescents to note contextual variations when describing themselves.

False

According to research on self-awareness, which of the following individuals is most likely to have an integrative self-understanding?

Gram, who is 24 years old

Brendon is a narcissist. How might Brendon act around others?

He will devalue others to protect his own precarious self-esteem.

Which of the following statuses describes an individual who has made a commitment without experiencing a crisis?

Identity foreclosure

What is the term given by Erikson to the fifth stage of development, experienced during adolescence?

Identity versus identity confusion

Which of the following best characterizes how people with a bicultural identity identify?

In some ways with their ethnic group and in some ways with the majority culture

Catherine Cooper and her colleagues found that adolescents' identity development depends on a family atmosphere that promotes which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Individuality Connectedness

Which of the following best describes the correlation between self-esteem and school performance?

Moderate

Which of the following is a new classification of temperamen that has been added to Chess and Thomas' model?

Negative affectivity

Connectedness consists of which of the following dimensions?

Permeability Mutuality

How is commitment defined by Marcia?

Personal investment in identity

What is the strongest predictor of adolescent self-esteem?

Physical appearance

What determines identity foreclosure?

Presence of a commitment but not a crisis

What defines identity moratorium?

Presence of a crisis but not of a commitment

What defines identity achievement?

Presence of both a crisis and a commitment

Which of the following is not important to identity development, according to Marcia?

Romantic intimacy

______ refers to how aware you are of your psychological makeup, including strengths and weaknesses.

Self-awareness

What describes the ability to control one's behavior without having to rely on others' help?

Self-regulation

True or false: Having a positive ethnic identity has been associated with favorable outcomes for minority adolescents.

True

True or false: Narcissists are usually unaware of their actual self and how others perceive them.

True

True or false: Personality encompasses the self and identity.

True

What behavioral indicator suggests poor self-esteem?

Using dramatic gestures

Which of the following is the best definition of identity?

Who a person believes he or she is

Juanita is extremely self-centered and self-concerned. She is unaware of her actual self and how others perceive her. Juanita would be classified as

a narcissist.

Identity ______ refers to an individual who experienced a crisis and made a commitment.

achievement

Emerging adults often mention possible selves that

are unrealistic.

A student identifies herself as Chinese American. She identifies with both Chinese culture and American culture. She has a(n) ______ identity.

bicultural

factors of personality include openness to experience and agreeableness, among others.

big five

Various studies have found links between ethnic identity and all the following, EXCEPT

career performance.

Raj is least likely to show his false self with

close friends.

According to Marcia, personal investment in a specific identity is called . (Watch your spelling!)

commitment

According to Erik Erikson, adolescents are faced with deciding who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life during the identity versus identity stage of development.

confusion

In adolescence, the sense of ______ that is stimulated by efforts to understand oneself is accompanied by a need to protect the self.

confusion and conflict

When describing herself, Kira sometimes says she's ugly and other times says she's pretty. One week she identifies with the "jocks," the next week she identifies more with the "nerds." Kira's changing beliefs are an example of

contradictions.

According to Marcia, the period in identity development when individuals are exploring alternatives is called

crisis, or exploration.

Garret is 13 years old and Daniel is 17 years old. According to research on the unconscious self, is more likely to believe that certain aspects of his mental experience is beyond his awareness or control.

daniel

Garret is 13 years old and Daniel is 17 years old. According to research on the unconscious self,is more likely to believe that certain aspects of his mental experience is beyond his awareness or control.

daniel

Identity refers to the state in which individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis and have not made a commitment.

diffusion/confusion

For most young people, successful integration of the many aspects of the self occurs in ______.

emerging adulthood

The feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to the individual, especially to his or her well-being, is called ______.

emotion

is also known as feeling or affect.

emotion

Narcissists rarely show ______ toward others.

empathy

An enduring aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group, along with attitudes and feelings related to that membership, is called .

enthic identity

The Big Five factors of personality include all of the following personality factors EXCEPT

excitability.

Most researchers refer to the period of identity development during which an adolescent chooses among meaningful alternatives as ______.

exploration

Adolescents' ______ and the extent to which they congratulate or condemn themselves are good indicators of how they view themselves.

facial expressions

True or false: High self-esteem produces better school performance.

false

As adults get older, they often describe ______ possible selves.

fewer

According to Erik Erikson, an adolescent's crisis is based on the need to

form an identity.

Adolescents most often turn to their ______ for support and self-clarification, seeking their opinions in shaping their self-definitions.

friends

When asked to describe herself, 15-year-old Tasha says, "I'm a natural helper. I like when people come to me with their problems. Everyone says I'd be a good therapist. I'm also smart and I love the way I look." Tasha is demonstrating

idealism.

Compared to his 8-year-old sister, 16-year-old Tanner is more likely to use ______ terms to describe himself.

idealistic

Bianca is studying to become a biologist. She leans toward liberal politics, is currently engaged, and is Irish American. She considers herself a good athlete and an extrovert, and she participates in intramural sports. These characteristics are part of Bianca's ______.

identity

Erikson was the first theorist to understand how central questions about ______ are to understanding adolescent development.

identity

According to Erikson, adolescents who do not successfully resolve their identity crisis experience

identity confusion.

Juan, age 20, did not successfully resolve his identity crisis during adolescence. According to Erikson, Juan likely suffers from

identity confusion.

Cassie has a strong sense of who she is. She knows that she is a hard worker, she values education, she wants to become a teacher, and she tends toward conservative politics. Cassie is also very spiritual. These characteristics are part of Cassie's

identity.

Erikson's sixth developmental stage is ______.

intimacy versus isolation

According to contemporary identity theory, identity development

is accomplished in bits and pieces.

According to Erikson, if young adults fail to form healthy relationships and an intimate relationship with another individual, ______ will result.

isolation

Self-esteem tends to be higher in (males/females) .

males

Identity happens when an individual is experiencing a crisis but has not yet made a complete commitment.

moratorium

identity happens when an individual is experiencing a crisis but has not yet made a complete commitment.

moratorium

In one study, eleventh graders provided (more/fewer) contradictions in the self than seventh graders.

more

Compared to adolescence, in emerging adulthood, self-understanding becomes ______.

more integrative

According to contemporary identity theorists, decisions ______ during the process of identity development.

must be made again and again

In an attempt to protect the self, adolescents are prone to deny their ______ characteristics.

negative

According to one researcher, adolescents' ______ are often the main source of reflected self-appraisals.

peers

The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as .

personality

The ability to assume another person's point of view and understand his or her thoughts and feelings is known as taking.

perspective

Melody believes that sex before marriage is wrong, regardless of how long two people have been dating. Veronica disagrees but still accepts Melody because Veronica understands that Melody's beliefs stem from her religious affiliation. Veronica's behavior is an example of

perspective taking.

Studies show that ______ is an especially powerful contributor to adolescents' self-esteem.

physical appearance

What an individual wants to become and what he or she is afraid of becoming is called the .

possible self

According to Erikson, the gap between childhood security and adult responsibility is a period known as . (Watch your spelling!)

psychosocial moratorium

During the period of , as postulated by Erikson, adolescents "try on" different identities, roles, and personalities.

psychosocial moratorium

Self-generation and cognitive monitoring of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in order to reach a goal are part of self-.

regulation

The consists of all of the characteristics of a person.

self

- refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self.

self concept

- is also referred to as self-worth or self-image.

self esteem

Domain-specific evaluations of the self are referred to as one's ______.

self-concept

Your global evaluation of yourself, also known as your self-worth, is called ________.

self-esteem.

Adolescents' ______ is based partly on the various roles and membership categories that define who adolescents are.

self-understanding

Zander does not seem to understand that he talks too much, rarely listens to the opinions of others, and becomes overly aggressive during conflict with his peers and parents. Zander lacks

self-understanding.

An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is his or her ______.

temperament

Individual differences in behavioral styles and characteristic way of responding reflect the individual's .

temperament

Fourteen-year-old Abram wants to be like his father, who spent his early career in the military. However, Abram doesn't want to be like his uncle, who has been in and out of jail for drug-related crimes and theft. Abram's desires and fears are an example of

the possible self.

______ refers to all of the characteristics of a person.

the self

Self-understanding in adolescence involves recognition that the self includes

unconscious as well as conscious components.

An adolescent girl's cognitive representation of her self is also called self-.

understanding