Chapter 4: Socialization and the Life Course - InQuizitive Answers

Which statement demonstrates Charles Horton Cooley's theory of the looking-glass self?

"I shouted, and people listened to me. I see that I am a powerful person."

Place the following in chronological order, based on George Herbert Mead's theory of the development of the social self.

1. a sense of the self as "I", a bundle of wants & desires 2. a sense of the self as "me", the object of other's perceptions 3. a sense of the society and its expectations as the "generalized other"

In 2014, more than 3,000 American parents were asked which of 12 qualities they felt were most important to instill in their children. According to the survey, place the four chosen qualities in order of importance.

1. being responsible 2. helping others 3. creativity 4. religious faith

Ella has just learned to use words to represent objects and images, thus, she is in the ____ stage. Jaime makes noise with his stroller, and doesn't realize that he is separate from the stroller, thus, he is in the ____ stage. Shirley says, "Cold makes water freeze," mastering abstract, logical notions. Shirley is in the ____ stage.

1. preoperational 2. sensorimotor 3. concrete operational

According to Jean Piaget, place the stages of a developing child in chronological order.

1. sensorimotor 2. preoperational 3. formal operational 4. concrete operational

For a boy on a youth soccer team, socialization involves an appreciation of the perspectives of various "others." Use George Herbert Mead's theory to place each item in the appropriate circle.

1. the boy is aware that "sportsmanship" means he shouldn't throw a tantrum if his team loses 2. the boy knows that his teammates want him to contribute to a win 3. the boy feels hungry but doesn't mention it to anyone

Researchers found a "curvilinear" association between how much a child's parents talked with their children about race and the child's performance in elementary school. What does this mean?

A moderate amount of conversation about race was associated with better performance than either very little conversation about race or a great deal of it.

A 2005 study identified five themes in the messages that African Americans received from their parents about what it means to be black. Which items were among those themes?

Among the Five Themes deference to and fear of whites racial group pride color blindness

Identify which changes in social roles define the beginning of midlife, according to sociologists.

Beginning of Midlife for families, the "empty nest" stage (when children leave the family home) for women, when they enter menopause Not Beginning of Midlife for college graduates, when student loans are paid off for most people, when financial stability is achieved

Which skills do young people typically acquire upon entering the workforce?

CORRECT the ability to get along with non-family members the ability to work independently the management of one's emotions

What findings did Vanda Lucia Zammuner report from a study of Dutch and Italian children's toy preferences?

CORRECT In both countries, girls chose to play with gender-neutral toys more often than boys did. Italian children were more likely than Dutch children to prefer gender-specific toys.

In which ways does midlife today differ from midlife in premodern societies?

CORRECT People live significantly longer. People undergo more major life transitions. Individuals have more control over their lives.

Identify the correct and incorrect statements about the depiction of male and female characters in children's stories, as documented by Lenore Weitzman and colleagues.

CORRECT The gender imbalance was more lopsided for animal characters than human ones. Male characters engaged in more adventurous activities.

Match each thesis about gender socialization to the researcher who proposed it.

Carol Gilligan - A child's learning of gender differences centers on the child's care for, or independence from, other people. Nancy Chodorow - A child's learning of gender differences centers on the child's attachment to, or estrangement from, the child's mother. Sigmund Freud - A child's learning of gender differences centers on the child's possession or lack of a penis.

According to some researchers, why is the nature of childhood as a distinct stage of life diminishing in modern societies?

Children are consuming the same entertainment a adults.

Which of the following has sociologist Frank Furstenberg identified as critical for a young person's transition into mature adulthood?

Critical for Adulthood having a child getting married finishing school Not Critical for Adulthood buying a first car owning a home

Which statements about the positive effects of video games have been documented by researchers?

Documented Research When parents and children play together, video game time constitutes quality family time. Video games can strengthen spatial abilities and cognitive development.

Which of the following are examples of socialization?

Examples A woman who is expecting her first child takes a parenting class. A Peace Corps volunteer learns the basic rules of etiquette of her new country. A parent teaches a child not to burp at the dinner table. A child encourages her parents to open a Facebook account.

According to George Herbert Mead's theory, all people are born as an "I," and only a few people advance to become a "me."

False

Classify each behavior or characteristic as a norm associated with either a female or male gender role.

Female Roles good at cooking & cleaning attractive Male Roles good with tools strong

Which messages from their parents do black adolescents and college students find most helpful, according to research?

Helpful Messages With hard work, you can achieve anything. Race doesn't matter. Less Helpful Messages Be proud that you're black. Don't trust white people.

In sociology, how is the concept of identity understood?

It relates to people's understanding of who they are and what's meaningful to them.

Identify the following statements about gender identity as associated with either Nancy Chodorow or Sigmund Freud's theory.

Nancy Chodorow's Theory Boys' sense of self is based in a radical rejection of the feminine (the mother). Women's identities are more connected to others because a girl shares gender with her mother. Sigmund Freud's Theory Gender identity is closely connected to genital awareness. Infants learn their gender by realizing that they have, or do not have, a penis.

June Statham studied parents' efforts to raise their children in nonsexist fashion. Identify the obstacles that the parents encountered while encouraging their children to play with gender-neutral toys.

Obstacles Toy stores mostly sell gender-typed toys. Relatives would give the children gender-typed toys.

What is a probable social result of the longer lifespans and better health of older adults in the United States due to medical advancements and demographic changes?

Older adults will maintain an outer focus on social life, rather than focusing on inner resources.

Amy is a U.S. citizen, mother, gardener, and medical doctor. Which actions are part of her social role as doctor?

Part of a Doctor's Social Role Amy attends a professional conference where she makes the case that doctors should add nutritional counseling to vaccination appointments. Amy reads medical journals to stay up-to-date with information relevant to treatment of patients.

Identify whether race is functioning as either a master status or self-identity in the following scenarios. Note that Will is a man whose mother is white and whose father is Afro-Caribbean.

Race Functioning as Master Status Regardless of how Will describes himself, people generally refer to him as "black." Will is a skateboarder and science fiction buff, but people treat him first and foremost as a black man. Race Functioning as Self-Identity Will sees himself as multiracial, connected to all parts of his parents' ethnic and racial identities. Will's love of science fiction is the most important thing about him, even if others don't recognize that.

Select the bolded terms that refer to agents of socialization best classified as mass media.

Socialization helps people learn the values, norms, and beliefs of their culture. A child may watch cartoons and learn about conflict behaviors. School textbooks convey both a curriculum and a hidden curriculum. Peer groups influence children's communication and play behaviors. Today, most Americans read articles, watch videos, and listen to podcasts daily. They also read magazines and newspapers. People are also influenced by workplace norms in how they dress, speak, and express feelings.

Which scenarios represent successful social reproduction?

Successful Social Reproduction At a utopian commune, the whole group, not organized into nuclear families, raises children. Unsuccessful Social Reproduction Before dying out, a civilization leaves behind detailed written records of its history. A revolutionary movement seizes power and institutes a series of dramatic political and cultural reforms. A community of immigrants relinquishes its ethnic past and assimilates into its new local culture.

According to June Statham's research, identify the statements about the experiences of families committed to nonsexist child rearing as either true or false.

TRUE Most children of nonsexist parents still possessed gender-typed toys given to them by relatives. There are more storybooks available with nontraditional female characters than nontraditional male characters. FALSE The goal of parents was to make their children androgynous, neither boys nor girls. Whenever possible, children refuse to play with gender-neutral toys.

What does psychologist Albert Bandura's study predict will happen to a child who watches cartoons that depict interpersonal violence, weapons, and warfare?

The child will imitate and act out the behaviors she has witnessed.

What, according to Sigmund Freud, is the most important aspect of gender identity for young children?

The possession or absence of a penis.

Which statement describes a small step that the Disney movie Frozen takes toward chipping away at gender stereotypes?

The princess finds a happy ending by connecting with her sister, Elsa, instead of through romance.

Age-grades are found in small traditional cultures where people of similar ages undergo ceremonies or rites that mark the transition from one age-grade to another.

True

The idea that death is for old people is a recent development.

True

Identify each item as typical of either traditional or modern societies.

Typical of Traditional Societies The elderly are accorded great respect. The elderly find rewards in an outward-looking view of life. Typical of Modern Societies The elderly have fewer responsibilities than the middle aged. The elderly are materially less well off than the middle aged.

In this thirteenth-century painting, the infant Jesus is depicted with an adult face and adult bodily proportions. What aspect of culture does this depiction reflect?

a view of children as miniature adults

According to Annette Lareau's research, what do working-class parents do to promote the "accomplishment of natural growth"?

allow their children to enjoy long periods of unstructured free time

Researchers have often found that popular students bully less popular students. Which statement describes researchers' current recommendation regarding popular students?

enlist popular students in anti-bullying efforts because they're influencers

Disagreeing with Freud, Nancy Chodorow takes the position that ____ , not ____ , is defined by loss, in the form of separation from ____ . This separation leads to later difficulty in maintaining close personal relationships, and to what has been called "male ____ ".

masculinity femininity the mother inexpressiveness

What is the best definition of race socialization?

messages about race that each generation passes on to the next

What is distinctive about human beings, compared to other animals?

sense of self

What is the major agent of primary socialization in almost all cultures?

the family

What is the definition of socialization?

the lifelong process of learning the norms, values, behavior, and social skills to appropriate one's social position

Carol Gilligan sees a connection between girls' psychological development and women's moral outlook. Girls are taught to subordinate their own needs to ____ . Consequently, women's ethical views focus on care and other relational activities, and are more ____ than men's views, in which rule-following and ____ are the primary concerns.

the needs of others flexible individual freedom

What factor, according to sociologist Barrie Thorne, has a strong influence on whether a girl feels positively or negatively about her first period?

whether the most popular girls in her peer group have already had their first period